tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57513842941920502202024-02-19T13:29:03.057+05:45THE HIMALAYAN UNIVERSETapestry of life and landscape in the Himalayas and beyondUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger116125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-82296967031984036082023-12-29T07:22:00.000+05:452023-12-29T07:22:28.424+05:45Mapping out COVID-19 Cases in Nepal <br />
<i>Case #1, January 24, 2020, </i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: red;">Recovered on February 7. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The first case of COVID-19 was reported in January 24, 2020 in a male of 32 years age. It was in a Nepali PhD student who came from Wuhan China. His blood samples were taken to Singapore for Polymerage (PCR) test, and he was confirmed positive. he was admitted to Shukra Raj Tropical Hospital on ... and Discharged on...The patient had shown mild symptoms, and was completely cured by the end of January.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">A 31-year-old student of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_University_of_Technology" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wuhan University of Technology">Wuhan University</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> who had returned home on 5 January,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> was admitted with mild symptoms on 13 January and discharged on 17 January with instructions to self-quarantine at home after preliminary tests showed he may not be infected.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> Although Nepal had the laboratories and the skilled manpower to test for the disease, Nepal did not have the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reagent">reagents</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> required. The reagents cost around </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nepalese rupee">Rs</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> 17,000 per test and need to be bought in bulk, sufficient for about 200 tests. As there were no other suspected cases needing testing, the officials decided to send the samples to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> instead of buying the reagents.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> The samples were sent to Hong Kong on 21 January.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> On 24 January, the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_ministry_(Nepal)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Health ministry (Nepal)">Health ministry</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> confirmed that the test had come back positive. The ministry said the patient was under surveillance, those who came into close contact with him were being investigated, and health information on all passengers returning from China was being sought.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> However, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> quoted officials at the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division as saying that no one knew of the patient's activity since he was discharged and that they were looking for him.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> Later, they said that they had only spoken to the patient on phone; he had reported being in good health and was not asked to come in for check-up or monitoring.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> The patient was confirmed completely treated when </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction">RT-PCR</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> throat swabs returned negative for </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> in followup assessments of 29 and 31 January.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-paper_36-1" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-paper-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> None of the people known to have come in contact with the patient showed any symptoms after three weeks of the patient's return to Nepal, and it was therefore presumed that he had not transmitted the disease to anyone else in Nepal.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-two_34-1" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-two-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34</a></sup></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In January, 2020, the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China spread progressively to other countries, <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#">1</a>, <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#">2</a> with WHO declaring it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.<br /><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#bib3">3</a> Among the affected countries beyond China (where 12 307 cases and 259 deaths were reported as of Feb 1, 2020) are others in Asia, including Nepal. <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#bib4">4</a></span><div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />On Jan 13, 2020, a 32-year-old man, a Nepalese student at Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, with no history of comorbidities, returned to Nepal. He presented at the outpatient department of Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, with a cough. He had become ill on Jan 3, 6 days before he flew to Nepal. He indicated no exposure to the so-called wet market in Wuhan. Throat swabs obtained from the patient tested positive for 2019-nCoV on real-time RT-PCR assays at the WHO laboratory in Hong Kong. On admission to hospital in Kathmandu, his temperature was 37·2°C (99°F), with throat congestion, but with no other relevant signs or symptoms. He was isolated and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive therapies. After 6 h, he complained of mild breathing difficulty and had decreased oxygen saturation (SpO2 87% on room air). Chest radiographs obtained on admission showed an infiltrate in the upper lobe of the left lung (<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#fig1">figure</a>). On Jan 14, his temperature rose to 38·9°C (102°F) and the next day he had breathing difficulties while in the supine position, with crepitations in the right lower lung field. His fever was no longer present on Jan 16, and his clinical condition improved. He was discharged the next day and instructed to self-quarantine at home. Laboratory tests showed no abnormalities. Real-time RT-PCR assays for influenza A and B viruses, and NS1 antigen rapid tests for dengue viruses, scrub typhus, and Brucella spp were negative. Follow-up assessments on Jan 29 and Jan 31 gave an RT-PCR negative throat swab for 2019-nCoV. Informed consent was obtained from the patient to be included in this Correspondence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Compared with other recently reported cases, which included rapid worsening and even progression to death,<br /><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#">1</a>, <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#">2</a>, <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#">5</a>, <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext#">6</a> our patient had only mild disease and survived and recovered after 13 days.</span><div>
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<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext">https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext</a><br />
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<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-confirms-first-case-of-deadly-coronavirus/articleshow/73590302.cms">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-confirms-first-case-of-deadly-coronavirus/articleshow/73590302.cms</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">KATHMANDU: Nepal on Friday confirmed the first case of deadly coronavirus in the country identifying the infected person as a Nepali student who recently returned from the Chinese city of Wuhan, local media reports said.</span><br style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><br style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">The 31-year-old man, who is doing his PhD in Wuhan, had returned from the Chinese city on January 5. He had visited a hospital complaining of respiratory problems and was admitted on January 13, the Kathmandu Post reported.</span><br style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><br style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">He was given medication and once his ..</span><br style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><br />
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<br style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-confirms-first-case-of-deadly-coronavirus/articleshow/73590302.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #024d99; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-confirms-first-case-of-deadly-coronavirus/articleshow/73590302.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</a></div>
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The travel restrictions were not imposed and Nepal's TIA allowed the travelers, both Nepalis and international, check out un-checking. Corona is highly contagious disease. It spreads from the nasal and oral droplets of an infected person to the one who is in close contact of less than 3 meter. <br />
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<i>Case #2, March 23, 2020</i><br />
The second case of COVID-19 was a student of 19 years old female, confirmed on 23 March, who had returned from France's Paris via Quatar. Prashidhi Shrestha of Kathmandu Municipality, Ward..., who is a student in Paris and had come back home after the corona became pandemic in France and else where. She was admitted to Teku hospital and was discharged on ... after ... days stay in the hospital. Her family was also put in quarantine at home.<br />
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<a href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/one-more-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-nepal/">https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/one-more-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-nepal/</a><br />
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<i>Case #3, March 25, 2020</i><br />
The third case was confirmed on 25 March, 2020. It was on a man who was working in UAE and returned to his home district Dhading on ... <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The patient was staying in a hotel in Kathmandu. </span>He was admitted to Shukra Raj Tropical disease Hospital on ... and got discharged on ...after ... days of stay in the hospital.<br />
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<i>Case#4, March 27, 2020</i><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The fourth case, the first outside Bagmati Province, was confirmed on 27 March, in a 34-year-old man who had recently returned from the Middle East. He was treated in Seti Provincial Hospital in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhangadhi" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dhangadhi">Dhangadhi</a><br />
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<i>Case #5, March 28, 2020</i><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The fifth case was confirmed in Baglung on 28 March, in a 19-year-old female who had returned from Belgium via Qatar. She had shared a flight from Doha to Kathmandu with the patient who was confirmed on 23 March, the 19 years old female from Kathmandu. She was admitted to Dhaulagiri Hospital on .... and discharged on ... after ... days.</span><br />
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<i>Case #6, April 2, 2020</i><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The sixth case was confirmed on 2 April in a woman from Baglung. She traveled on AR-652 flight from Doha to Kathmandu. She was admitted to Dhaulagiri Hospital in Baglung on ... and discharged on ... after ... days. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><i>Case #7, 8 and 9, April 4, 2020</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Three new cases were confirmed on 4 April, two of them were men who had recently returned from India and one was a 34-year woman, a relative of one of the previously confirmed patient (Case #4). </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">She was also the first instance of local transmission within Nepal.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Three new positive cases were confirmed in the far-western region of Nepal. Among the three are a 21-year-old male of Kailali who had returned from Mumbai in India, 41-year-old male of Kanchanpur who had returned from Uttarakhand in India, and a 34-year-old female from Kailali who is known be a relative of one of the earlier infected persons.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-162" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> This is the first local transmission in Nepal.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal#cite_note-163" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[162]</a></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><i>Case #10, 11 and 12, April 11, 2020</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">On 11 April, three more cases were confirmed, in </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Indian nationals</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> who had been stranded in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgunj" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> of Parsa District. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">According to the ministry, throat and nasal swabs from 21 men residing in a mosque at Chhapkaiya in Birgunj Metropolitan City Ward No. 2 were tested for the coronavirus at the laboratory of the Vector Borne Disease Research and Training Center in Hetauda on Friday. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">“Three of them aged 37, 44 and 55 were taken to an isolation ward of the Narayani Hospital after they were suspected to have contracted the virus,” the ministry said in a statement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">After the samples tested positive for Covid-19, they were dispatched to the National Public Health Laboratory in Kathmandu for confirmation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">“The laboratory on Saturday evening confirmed Covid-19 in all three samples,” said Dr Bikash Devkota, spokesperson for the Health Ministry, at a regular press briefing on Sunday. “All three have been <a href="https://ekantipur.com/news/2020/04/11/158659019131423604.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323437; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.455, 0.03, 0.515, 0.955) 0s;">sent to the isolation facility</a> set up at the Narayani Provincial Hospital in Birgunj.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Devkota said that the health condition of all three patients is normal and that contact tracing of all who came in close contact with them has begun.</span></div>
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<a href="https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/04/12/three-indian-nationals-in-birgunj-test-positive-for-covid-19" style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/04/12/three-indian-nationals-in-birgunj-test-positive-for-covid-19</span></a></div>
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<i>Case#13 and 14, April 13, 2020</i><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">On 13 April, a 65-year-old woman from Kailali and a 19-year-old man from Rautahat tested positive.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) has confirmed detection of two new positive cases for the COVID-19. With this, total number of COVID-19 cases in Nepal has reached 14.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: -0.6px;">According to Dr. Devkota, a 65-year old lady of Lamkichuha Municipality, Kailali and a 19-year old male of Rautahat had tested positive for the virus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The 65-year old woman used to sell tea at Birgunj border. After she got stranded in Birgunj due to the lockdown, she, along with 16 others was sent to Kailali by the help of local administration on March 30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">They were kept in quarantine at Lamki Multi-purpose Campus, Kailali.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">As the virus was not detected in Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), she was sent back to her home, after completion of quarantine period.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">But as she tested positive for the virus through PCR method, preparations are going on to quarantine 16 others again, who were quarantined with the patient on March 30. </span></div>
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<a href="https://risingnepaldaily.com/main-news/mohp-confirms-2-more-covid-19-cases-number-reaches-14">https://risingnepaldaily.com/main-news/mohp-confirms-2-more-covid-19-cases-number-reaches-14</a></div>
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<i>Case# 15, 16, April 14, 2020</i></div>
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<span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">On 14 April, two new cases were confirmed in a family from Kathmandu which had returned from the United Kingdom four weeks prior.</span></div>
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<a href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/92625/">https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/92625/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"><br />KATHMANDU, April 14: Two of three members of the same family residing in the Sun City Apartment in Kathmandu have tested positive for COVID-19 at Teku based National Public Health Laboratory on Tuesday, according to Health and Population Ministry.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/mohpnep/posts/872926733195847?__xts__[0]=68.ARAv0f7PX_lkJFnEbtj_B51GGbGGCNOeHHyVCot-lkQWm29_LdAAaRd5FlmHYI0-N_cHQd-92BVOZ7PO60but9mAJt8DfwFFrzsSkyQyeOW4gVDX1RoJzv-8P_u_7L_Q1ENYH6ySVyyavirAyYCddBEVJSFSucDlUemNNJKThll70dLOVDsQI3877faSFbQ-7KFG0UPWHjF4F44o9Kxzg9_lR8xlH6HMC6ad3Alm-G6yREznZN2Ccdi6MNQgSnHyguFHoZY-9-RBmKSj-3SUHsfW5vwRiLKjyQrOx6RPeNcoTy-UTl5miPf4ebyyRYM_f-H49kOf4rcYihNTO5g&__tn__=-R">On its Facebook update</a> this afternoon, the ministry said that a 58-year-old male and 81-year-old female have tested positive for this deadly virus during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.<br /><br />However, another patient has tested negative in the first PCR test.<br /><br />Earlier, they tested positive for the virus through rapid diagnostic test (RDT) on Monday. After the test results came positive, the ministry took the family members to the Patan Hospital. Currently, they have been receiving treatment at the isolation ward of the hospital.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">It has been learnt that the family had returned to Kathmandu from the United Kingdom 28 days ago. According to a high-level government official, they [UK returnees] were tested as per the decision of the government to test all the individuals arriving in Nepal after mid-March.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"><i>Case# 17 - 30, April 17, 2020</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">On 17 April, 14 new cases were confirmed, </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;">12 of them, Indian nationals</span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> from Delhi, quarantined in Udaypur, and two, Nepalis from Chitwan who had recently returned from abroad, taking the total number of cases to 30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="color: red;">Recovered case #2</span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">: On 18 April, a second complete recovery was confirmed in Kathmandu, bringing the total number of active cases to 28.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><br />May 6: 17 cases in Nepalgunj</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">May 7: 2 cases males in Kapilbastu (16 and 22 years)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">As the number of cases started increasing, it became inevitable to build a COVID-19 tracking dashboard for Nepal. I worked on acquiring ESRI software support. Then the platform was ready on April 5, 2020.</span><br />
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Ministry of Health and Population started giving briefings on the number of tests and resulting positive or negative cases every day to the media and people of Nepal through TV and Facebook live.<br />
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The data collected from online news portals and news on TV and radio was compiled during day time and verified with the Government's data provided during the media briefing.<br />
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The dashboard has now information profiling the nature of spread of COVID-19 in Nepal. These are the components of the dashboard:<br />
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<b>A. Maps</b><br />
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<ul>
<li>Map of COVID-19 confirmed cases by district</li>
<li>Map of COVID-19 recovered cases by district</li>
<li>Map of COVID-19 active cases by district</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShfam5nQrcZGBsb7UUgafN6I0WUbcr3oMiagSxHgONeW6f98zWS3FSfK_7A72L37TKzFIe38jDquc75FWC-pd0ovHqzcn41l0GgRFCLtx6vL2X_wOgLkkZtRx3sVTnpR4VJNCxPnMsohyphenhyphen/s1600/Map+Section.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="730" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShfam5nQrcZGBsb7UUgafN6I0WUbcr3oMiagSxHgONeW6f98zWS3FSfK_7A72L37TKzFIe38jDquc75FWC-pd0ovHqzcn41l0GgRFCLtx6vL2X_wOgLkkZtRx3sVTnpR4VJNCxPnMsohyphenhyphen/s320/Map+Section.PNG" width="311" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An area where maps are selected. These maps are under three tabs - Confirmed, Recovered and Active</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwFLxB9B_1rgsWgFnKRBFQ-B546PSS1mXlCYq_IlSaK6RkFyPTq2dKYRM6u_6HnlVAqSw1l1M7VA2d19OXpAz9pNmlJMB212ZTXVxyISRffYrZ2HUtcq1bsAXCOBV9BDZEIQZxKoCcj8sJ/s1600/map+-+Confirmed+Cases+As+of+May+6+2020.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="619" data-original-width="1135" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwFLxB9B_1rgsWgFnKRBFQ-B546PSS1mXlCYq_IlSaK6RkFyPTq2dKYRM6u_6HnlVAqSw1l1M7VA2d19OXpAz9pNmlJMB212ZTXVxyISRffYrZ2HUtcq1bsAXCOBV9BDZEIQZxKoCcj8sJ/s640/map+-+Confirmed+Cases+As+of+May+6+2020.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spatial distribution of confirmed cases</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT6kAJ9eQAaXqD-xdppKSe8ujWQr0QTpGwmffdUqJZz-E-E4ataqbgXllzejvwuhFRcxanjdUy5Uc-C9Z8l4jTvoFIWU3ardce6aoCX1CWqSQj7PTkrsqmij1s5RiVosG9ZG6Q8hjDefRn/s1600/Map-+recovered+Cases+as+of+May+6+2020.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1129" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT6kAJ9eQAaXqD-xdppKSe8ujWQr0QTpGwmffdUqJZz-E-E4ataqbgXllzejvwuhFRcxanjdUy5Uc-C9Z8l4jTvoFIWU3ardce6aoCX1CWqSQj7PTkrsqmij1s5RiVosG9ZG6Q8hjDefRn/s640/Map-+recovered+Cases+as+of+May+6+2020.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Recovered cases</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih3cD5OggktAgxljD3SX8pckKaS2IbAfavxkgabHrHXhflrykroK5-uLPvfSBVuTLMK4WTVklaMuMqKKmiQbFZSIjGiEiCongRsQDKE7BnqPiQVkeHgZO-EnGIk810mbtf3Y7t_EJ09wxK/s1600/Map-Active+Cases+as+of+May+6+2020.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="1139" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih3cD5OggktAgxljD3SX8pckKaS2IbAfavxkgabHrHXhflrykroK5-uLPvfSBVuTLMK4WTVklaMuMqKKmiQbFZSIjGiEiCongRsQDKE7BnqPiQVkeHgZO-EnGIk810mbtf3Y7t_EJ09wxK/s640/Map-Active+Cases+as+of+May+6+2020.PNG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Active cases</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><br />B. Nepal and World Indicators</b></div>
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<ul>
<li>Nepal's key indicators: Confirmed, Female, Male, Recovered and Active Cases</li>
<li>World's key indicators: Confirmed, Recovered, Deceased and Active Cases</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFcE8ybbSA3KjQvcewfzryovRsvMD-rlYfs2ZtCnOzUQdBgq4-qpYB2iCKHYCZR0OTBCS88CHWtLl4cIW9-R06kzS2p4O6-cL2qJz4OKsHdSu9-ZCCU8nBIp4ugWQA2xnoXzwqZvKPNW3J/s1600/Nepal_Indicators.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="818" data-original-width="257" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFcE8ybbSA3KjQvcewfzryovRsvMD-rlYfs2ZtCnOzUQdBgq4-qpYB2iCKHYCZR0OTBCS88CHWtLl4cIW9-R06kzS2p4O6-cL2qJz4OKsHdSu9-ZCCU8nBIp4ugWQA2xnoXzwqZvKPNW3J/s640/Nepal_Indicators.PNG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nepal's key indicators</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCmt2nq7D5MYLrHccxmm1E4ZOq0Ntp-CIsbJts_i6D5XJH3OcpEd67Gc8kAHzV2I4T4WBkf0HUHKMxR1HdCH78wsIhmgUMw9rSdLywhkXh1ciOEMRFZ79ZuvFqOB9alGtktBn1LDUqzx9l/s1600/World+Indicators.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="249" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCmt2nq7D5MYLrHccxmm1E4ZOq0Ntp-CIsbJts_i6D5XJH3OcpEd67Gc8kAHzV2I4T4WBkf0HUHKMxR1HdCH78wsIhmgUMw9rSdLywhkXh1ciOEMRFZ79ZuvFqOB9alGtktBn1LDUqzx9l/s640/World+Indicators.PNG" width="195" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">World's key indicators</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>C. Nepal's COVID-19 Case details</b></div>
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<i>1. Corona Tests</i></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUejrEs7UbWgtAOeAr9q1gcZHuTMAqutgGLZsi2k0k5zIZhQmMk-M0N2GFBBRqjTKKxGJRfdPwRzoTsMo1YMApLnDKZ8Kb3WETQYZpQdVHaTCBoQnpIQb3Zf054RWtSg4Dl0cPQ8flfGwA/s1600/tests+as+of+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="518" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUejrEs7UbWgtAOeAr9q1gcZHuTMAqutgGLZsi2k0k5zIZhQmMk-M0N2GFBBRqjTKKxGJRfdPwRzoTsMo1YMApLnDKZ8Kb3WETQYZpQdVHaTCBoQnpIQb3Zf054RWtSg4Dl0cPQ8flfGwA/s320/tests+as+of+May+6.PNG" width="308" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU3HgKuMN19W6uofdai3hkjFoEE650MdxIsMqPR9piYVGpiSQr7kvWudLtATyBtRMABCkmAs755S1bjxPAACxk0VtatHqcM4SkxZzS_RKEEkpLBsmnt4lctq5atgbDpmg7QczA4FjFgNx/s1600/RDT+Pro.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="518" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU3HgKuMN19W6uofdai3hkjFoEE650MdxIsMqPR9piYVGpiSQr7kvWudLtATyBtRMABCkmAs755S1bjxPAACxk0VtatHqcM4SkxZzS_RKEEkpLBsmnt4lctq5atgbDpmg7QczA4FjFgNx/s320/RDT+Pro.PNG" width="214" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li>PCR</li>
<li>RDT and </li>
<li>Total tests in the form of indicators and pie chart</li>
<li>Number of RDT tests by province in the form of column chart</li>
</ul>
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<i>2. People in quarantine and isolation</i></div>
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<ul>
<li>Total people in quarantine and isolation</li>
<li>People in quarantine by province - column chart</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YgNT-C-Xoe7HkO0pYP5coxB0l-kX1EdgmoAyq38sA0jJTLWSVM3h32sJHQJ2WcfXY_9iZf87VFSot2JmFGBYd-EVuwD7deQhZPtdVAPjhxEc7eHHsmnXQByYzLl7RsudknuMp5rFoY4V/s1600/Q+and+iso.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="482" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2YgNT-C-Xoe7HkO0pYP5coxB0l-kX1EdgmoAyq38sA0jJTLWSVM3h32sJHQJ2WcfXY_9iZf87VFSot2JmFGBYd-EVuwD7deQhZPtdVAPjhxEc7eHHsmnXQByYzLl7RsudknuMp5rFoY4V/s400/Q+and+iso.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Total persons in quarantine / isolation</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF3oFNwPYMWnerT9_mEzFcnoKKoT0ITMP6RPvBBPGwyHE_CZBHy_YBY4Pehsko_JQcPTsNAwzfUbKriKfwfUhcXYRxdV1aO3eKUwBCc8aXZ_zaZKkugH8T4UTfoigHltlAgQiWTnp2F3jt/s1600/Q+Prov.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="516" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF3oFNwPYMWnerT9_mEzFcnoKKoT0ITMP6RPvBBPGwyHE_CZBHy_YBY4Pehsko_JQcPTsNAwzfUbKriKfwfUhcXYRxdV1aO3eKUwBCc8aXZ_zaZKkugH8T4UTfoigHltlAgQiWTnp2F3jt/s400/Q+Prov.PNG" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Persons in quarantine by province</td></tr>
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<i>3. Time line </i></div>
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<li>Daily cases - a column chart, since January 24, 2020</li>
<li>Cumulative cases over time, since January 24, 2020</li>
<li>Recovered cases over time, since April ..., 2020</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn5C2BwArbGpacnhyKZTRI-8UzZJzsn80tDYMhygdAB3jCS0gzd9tjaGzLDmi94MK9QS3uFqeM5SCWzcC-H8PYyR8vgsq6GyNhK-GPJ6sJryUEEVfAijSI6Im6TWonWlCbwHmNptFtbDJK/s1600/Date-wise+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="524" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn5C2BwArbGpacnhyKZTRI-8UzZJzsn80tDYMhygdAB3jCS0gzd9tjaGzLDmi94MK9QS3uFqeM5SCWzcC-H8PYyR8vgsq6GyNhK-GPJ6sJryUEEVfAijSI6Im6TWonWlCbwHmNptFtbDJK/s400/Date-wise+May+6.PNG" width="295" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxkF-9DvKuw_XA7qFUOd6doZaVWQPSq2Ho_qQ-hVQyfW69EF4NC65AjBz4m2SeALzeucHBjuASOeEzffZtd9hmqFSot1j_GCCdgmheywOmQMY8tOa-1dDDqi_XoF276inN54shDRQrHR-W/s1600/Cumulative+Confirmed+and+Recovered+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="708" data-original-width="526" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxkF-9DvKuw_XA7qFUOd6doZaVWQPSq2Ho_qQ-hVQyfW69EF4NC65AjBz4m2SeALzeucHBjuASOeEzffZtd9hmqFSot1j_GCCdgmheywOmQMY8tOa-1dDDqi_XoF276inN54shDRQrHR-W/s400/Cumulative+Confirmed+and+Recovered+May+6.PNG" width="296" /></a></div>
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<i>4. Demography </i></div>
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<ul>
<li>Age wise cases - column chart</li>
<li>Cases by age group - column chart</li>
<li>Gender - pie chart</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQHZ0bDFdCi5mw6TfQHe8ocB82gBQqxpZgv2gnQY0vH42OUmTJgx6I7T2a3NS8dJjNwZsyZT1lCJFbkpUMNJaFSZqJRYRKTrkDcLkkovFW3zap1f5fvmyBjY0qtyTs82Aw2n6tsS1LV_fJ/s1600/Age+-+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="523" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQHZ0bDFdCi5mw6TfQHe8ocB82gBQqxpZgv2gnQY0vH42OUmTJgx6I7T2a3NS8dJjNwZsyZT1lCJFbkpUMNJaFSZqJRYRKTrkDcLkkovFW3zap1f5fvmyBjY0qtyTs82Aw2n6tsS1LV_fJ/s400/Age+-+May+6.PNG" width="293" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju9vqkVHKxsX0D0DjVPZ1MLgc8X9yySAmx2ASpOvM7y-LDOiFSYQr9Tj1S2EYAxDinRSyTlxzbzA4kUQLkTYJG9dPWZ5Fj26DwCGdVKoAnQQkx3mzdv2gunglR63HCKqSvqivxysOYgG1u/s1600/Age+group+may6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="523" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju9vqkVHKxsX0D0DjVPZ1MLgc8X9yySAmx2ASpOvM7y-LDOiFSYQr9Tj1S2EYAxDinRSyTlxzbzA4kUQLkTYJG9dPWZ5Fj26DwCGdVKoAnQQkx3mzdv2gunglR63HCKqSvqivxysOYgG1u/s400/Age+group+may6.PNG" width="291" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsS63r6EASpXPaPIirAU7sVDmcIHwfC1chZTTunu_V37qeMKyWYSKyYO9neOOhmtLClK5h85IgcKEImbrYbaYwVTjBQ0-vmW7aNe503sS3m1McG-iSXI00HsfLcI-Hi1OMFuf8muCeDOV4/s1600/gender+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="708" data-original-width="521" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsS63r6EASpXPaPIirAU7sVDmcIHwfC1chZTTunu_V37qeMKyWYSKyYO9neOOhmtLClK5h85IgcKEImbrYbaYwVTjBQ0-vmW7aNe503sS3m1McG-iSXI00HsfLcI-Hi1OMFuf8muCeDOV4/s400/gender+May+6.PNG" width="293" /></a></div>
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<i>5. Exposure</i>: the following categories summarized in a pie chart</div>
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<li>Imported</li>
<li>Family</li>
<li>Community</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHMxIJYOMmI0HKZxgK_aheunZeXVPFw9YGrpwWrrTn_J67Hfyr1_iOIGtlek0IUzxB_PGSTiv2RgSaoG2bLrjEsP9AUWKPgGdTtIqPhzG075M2MFhGb0FpQPmypPUp-nk2505e_h1IYl_p/s1600/transmission+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="530" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHMxIJYOMmI0HKZxgK_aheunZeXVPFw9YGrpwWrrTn_J67Hfyr1_iOIGtlek0IUzxB_PGSTiv2RgSaoG2bLrjEsP9AUWKPgGdTtIqPhzG075M2MFhGb0FpQPmypPUp-nk2505e_h1IYl_p/s400/transmission+May+6.PNG" width="301" /></a></div>
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<i>6. Travel / source infection</i> in the form of column chart showing numbers by</div>
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<li>Country of origin </li>
<li>Community</li>
<li>Family</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdaTA8cEyIeuSNZPUFnFvOZtQv2aP-xfHe10tsHo8iMT6zVWuknlsVvDZvXMvLL0cnb7yCO-a5Xb6QwxZDxC0qkmq4mvzN2QttTJ7GqGS37ANRATCPS0EpML_rt2jakFlKctJCOmRA5pUl/s1600/Source+May+6+2020.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="502" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdaTA8cEyIeuSNZPUFnFvOZtQv2aP-xfHe10tsHo8iMT6zVWuknlsVvDZvXMvLL0cnb7yCO-a5Xb6QwxZDxC0qkmq4mvzN2QttTJ7GqGS37ANRATCPS0EpML_rt2jakFlKctJCOmRA5pUl/s400/Source+May+6+2020.PNG" width="287" /></a></div>
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<i>7. Recovery</i></div>
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<ul>
<li>A table showing details of each of the recovered cases</li>
<li>Gender pie chart of the recovered cases</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlQC9Wa8mLECfNN1UQYhOfnSV7auTxh4CyzNUogrkrJ2MdOtpGm1FyeLtAPmalv4b8fWNQI93u4Gu0HtgyBDswazKD0tO7c88EtclXHPheLLukQVcD1HtGVbJRdlJ31rrYYSXF_v2AXTBv/s1600/Rec+gender+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="758" data-original-width="518" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlQC9Wa8mLECfNN1UQYhOfnSV7auTxh4CyzNUogrkrJ2MdOtpGm1FyeLtAPmalv4b8fWNQI93u4Gu0HtgyBDswazKD0tO7c88EtclXHPheLLukQVcD1HtGVbJRdlJ31rrYYSXF_v2AXTBv/s400/Rec+gender+May+6.PNG" width="272" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTwLE5g3mVX3pngv9Ms0FfVvD8Z0V1ImpW7gUhdDWlddo371x1pHKDTPHpexhO1frVKd6QnZr_hiEYszwNSEjMqCfhaRCynOHQx_Jjqb7-WH91TZVSvGgObwdNXikpzqmDsBJFruquE99T/s1600/Recovered+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="515" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTwLE5g3mVX3pngv9Ms0FfVvD8Z0V1ImpW7gUhdDWlddo371x1pHKDTPHpexhO1frVKd6QnZr_hiEYszwNSEjMqCfhaRCynOHQx_Jjqb7-WH91TZVSvGgObwdNXikpzqmDsBJFruquE99T/s400/Recovered+May+6.PNG" width="271" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bMEeVrDqpElfcbXy9lOF0ON1Dz39ecjOgDn68xZdN3-ZBgAI9gWvqbDiwObttIarj5FOm67a0MxpAQjY3G9_62BeyT-BRInP8abkBBxaHIb7PGslvdE5QqgmTtapBlr0dgxR6-c1bLJM/s1600/Recovered+Chart+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="522" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bMEeVrDqpElfcbXy9lOF0ON1Dz39ecjOgDn68xZdN3-ZBgAI9gWvqbDiwObttIarj5FOm67a0MxpAQjY3G9_62BeyT-BRInP8abkBBxaHIb7PGslvdE5QqgmTtapBlr0dgxR6-c1bLJM/s400/Recovered+Chart+May+6.PNG" width="272" /></a></div>
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<i>8. Geographic aggregation and distribution</i> of confirmed and recovered cases</div>
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<li>District</li>
<li>Province</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgux9c9uB4DcVfTbAz43jDUuDKYhaqjDVCN-pcwuQPaQszhuwdkXhE0MzIVE3_HCKPatRhoZgJZnxRwA78PinszILFi-RC-5ls7L7XzIWX23ukE1EnG7Br63-mWf-9sJOxU1Tk_KgkE5fMf/s1600/Geography+District+may+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="525" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgux9c9uB4DcVfTbAz43jDUuDKYhaqjDVCN-pcwuQPaQszhuwdkXhE0MzIVE3_HCKPatRhoZgJZnxRwA78PinszILFi-RC-5ls7L7XzIWX23ukE1EnG7Br63-mWf-9sJOxU1Tk_KgkE5fMf/s400/Geography+District+may+6.PNG" width="295" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7MdMd6NoYl7XWq6WxsMXZOH8UuYdcmvH7rFBTLC9YY-aPpFWS8B18BXCIAL1vIp1my_5sf0o2JZc5btFobpXR_svKLv5a6CrESNrU8ZpEUgY0V9qO7QEMC4VCE4AzuflDrCAcwGoQvp2G/s1600/Geography+-+Province+May+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="513" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7MdMd6NoYl7XWq6WxsMXZOH8UuYdcmvH7rFBTLC9YY-aPpFWS8B18BXCIAL1vIp1my_5sf0o2JZc5btFobpXR_svKLv5a6CrESNrU8ZpEUgY0V9qO7QEMC4VCE4AzuflDrCAcwGoQvp2G/s400/Geography+-+Province+May+6.PNG" width="265" /></a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-28734997066871392432018-08-31T09:58:00.000+05:452018-08-31T09:58:28.133+05:45Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM/NASA) rainfall forecast for 27 June for South Asia <div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Rainfall Update: Rainfall declining in coming days (June 24-27, 2013)</span></b><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Please see the visualization of rainfall intensities in the form of maps in the following pages. The colored patches are the areas where heavy rainfall occurred in the past and is expected in the coming week. The red colored areas are where minimum rains and the purple ones are the areas where maximum rains occurred. You will see two kinds of maps (a) forecast for June 27, and (b) trend of rainfall.<br />
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<b>1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Forecasts</b><br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<u>Forecast for June 27, 2013 (72 hrs from June 24, 2013, 0600 UTC)</u><br />
<u><br /></u>
This is rainfall prediction for June 27, UTC 1200. Not so heavy rains expected in the region. The red colored areas represent average 100mm and yellow colored dots represent 200mm rainfall for May 27, 2013 at 1200 UTC.<br />
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<b>2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Recent rainfall trend</b><br />
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<u>24 hours accumulated rainfall on June 24 by UTC 0600</u><br />
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Minimum 35 mm, central region of Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Cambodia and has almost no variability of rain.<br />
3 days accumulated rainfall on June 24 by UTC 0600<br />
Minimum 100 mm, max 200mm in Brahmaputra region of Tibet, Bangladesh and Cambodia.<br />
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<u>7 days accumulated rainfall on June 24 by UTC 300</u><br />
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Patches of minimum 200 mm, max 350 mm over Brahmaputra region, Myanmar and Cambodia. Rains are in declining trend.<br />
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<b>3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Conclusion on Rains: </b><br />
The one day, three days and 7 days accumulation on June 24, at 0600 UTC trend shows rains are in declining order in the region. The forecast for June 27 shows regular monsoon rainfall trend.<br />
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<b>4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Potential Flood and Landslide areas</b><br />
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<u>4.1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Potential floods </u><br />
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Expected in Bangladesh, Brahmaputra and Cambodia.<br />
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<u>4.2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Potential landslides on June 24, 2013</u><br />
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Landslides very likely in the Brahmaputra region in Tibet.<br />
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<u>4.3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Potential floods and landslides due to three days accumulation</u><br />
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Landslides just likely in South-east Tibet.<br />
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<u>4.4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Potential floods and landslides due to 7 days accumulation</u><br />
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Likelihood of landslides only in the south-east Tibet area.<br />
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<b>5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Conclusion on Floods and Landslides:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Although both flood and landslide potentials still linger over Nepal and mainly in other parts in the region, they are in declining trends due mainly to the declining rainfall patterns for 72 hours.<br />
For more on TRMM, please visit: http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/. To understand the process, please refer to this literature: Algorithm 3B42 - TRMM Merged HQ/Infrared Precipitation; http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/3b42.html<br />
Note: These interpretations are based on some of NASA/TRMM experimental products. These experimental products usually imply their predictions may vary by a great margin of error, or may often predict very accurately. So, please exercise caution. These should be considered as educational products and the discussion should be taken in the same line. But these material have loads of scientific information to contemplate on. <br />
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June 24, 2013<br />
Kathmandu<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-79513385236526962212018-08-31T09:57:00.000+05:452018-08-31T09:58:00.022+05:45Draft Remote Sensing Satellite Views of the Sun Koshi Landslide <h2>
Remote Sensing Satellite Data Visual Analysis of the Sun Koshi Landslide </h2>
Indra Sharan KC<br />
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National Remote Sensing Center of Indian Space Research Organization, Government of India published Satellite Images of recent Landslide on Sun Koshi River in Nepal.<br />
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Huge peace of mountain slope The landslide had taken place on August 2, 2014. Nepal Army had been using light explosives, heavy equipment and muscle power to clear open channel to release water from the 2.36 km long, 200 m wide lake with a surface area of 44 Ha formed from the 5.5 million cubic meter debris deposit on Sunkoshi's bend in Jure. The landslide killed 156 people and destroyed 33 houses; a 2.5 KW hydropower plant in Sunkoshi Bazar; intake structure of 10KW Sunkoshi hydro in Lamosangu; transmission lines and towers and about 1.5 KM of road in Ramche and Jure. There was 67 MW of power less in the grid, due to this landslide which added extra 4 hours of load shedding in the regular load shedding of daily 10 hours. Significant amount of agricultural land and forest was impacted by the mega landslide.<br />
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The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite images provide a great deal of valuable visual information. First, there was no areal or space view to inform scientists and concerned people on the scale and magnitude of the landslide and its impact area. Second, the data on landslide and lake parameters were all speculative. The images answer these two questions very precisely.<br />
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There are two types of IRS Images provided by the NRSC on Sun Koshi Landslide.<br />
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<i>LISS IV - multi-spectral images ( Spatial resolution: 5.8 meter at nadir)</i><br />
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A LISS-IV sensor operates in multi-spectral and Mono mode. This sensor provides data with a spatial resolution of 5.8m (at nadir) in both the modes.<br />
In the Mono mode, the sensor provides data of a single band in the visible region, with a swath of 70 Km (at nadir) and across track steerability of + 26<br />
degrees. In the multi-spectral mode, the sensor provides data of three bands with a swath of 23Km.<br />
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<u>When the lake was fully formed:</u><br />
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were taken by RESOURCESAT on 5th August. Here is the link to the images. The measurements data on the landslide and lake are given on the image itself. The Indian National remote Sensing Center LISS IV images are <a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/Nepal_Landslide5.html">here</a>.<br />
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The landslide width at the top and bottom portions measured 506 and 853 meters. The width of the dam (across the river) measures to be 200 meter.<br />
Similarly, the length of the lake (straight from the dam to to Sunkoshi bazar at the confluence of Sun Koshi and Bhote Koshi rivers) is shown to be 2.36 KM. From the measurement on image, the area of the lake is 44 Ha.<br />
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The measurement is done on-screen using geo-referenced satellite image, and the value can change slightly from person to person. Perhaps these measured values are close to themselves 95% of the time.<br />
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<u>Post- dam opening (post Sept 7) image:</u><br />
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The landslide lake suddenly eroded the channel created by the Army and 60 percent of water released in early hours of September 7, 2014. Not serious damage was noticed, although the villages just downstream were evacuated by the people themselves for fear of being washed away by the landslide lake outburst flood. The image clearly shows the decrease in water level. The upper portion of lake (the area near Sun Koshi bazaar, the confluence of Sun Koshi and Bhote Koshi)) is now out of water. Similarly the area near the dam where a small stream by name Dabi Khola meets Sun Koshi, is also out of water impoundment. Village called Tekan, at this confluence, which is about a kilometer away from the landslide, was destroyed by the landslide and formation of the lake. This<a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/images/Nepal_Landslide_September17.jpg"> image of September 17</a>, clearly shows this change.<br />
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<i>CartoSat Panchromatic Images: (Spatial resolution: 2.5 meter at nadir)</i></div>
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National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad also acquired CartoSat-2 data over the landslide on August 23, 2014, when the lake was still intact. Cartosat data are high resolution (2.5 meter), and the measurements on this data yields better results. <a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/images/Nepal_Landslide_august23.jpg">This image</a> provides a great view of the landslide and the extent of the lake. Satellite CartoSat carries two PAN sensors with 2.5m resolution and fore-aft stereo capability. The payload is designed to cater to applications in cartography, and terrain modeling. However, the NRSC has only provided measurement data using LISS IV MX data, which is 5.8 meter in resolution. </div>
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This image although has some clouds at the upper part of the landslide, has best captured the landslide and the lake in great details.</div>
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Quantitative measurements of Sun Koshi Landslide, Dam and Lake </div>
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The high resolution image data is made available in JPG format. These are already processed graphics files. However, it was possible to geo-reference the image files using coordinates from topographic maps and the google earth satellite image data. A second order polynomial transformation was applied to the image after taking about 10 identifiable points on both reference and the source image. Then, the image is projected into a transverse mercator projection creating a metric image in which measurements can be carried out.</div>
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The data from the satellite imagery provides the following information:</div>
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Length of Landslide: </div>
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The length of the longest portion of landslide on plan view is 1.5 km. NRSC using LISS IV image labels it 1.3 KM. </div>
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Width of the landslide:</div>
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The width at top is about 500 meter. The width at the bottom part is 900 meter. The landslide tapers from 900 meter at the bottom to 428 meter at the bottle neck portion above at 1.14 KM from the river bed. The average width of the landslide is 600 meter. The NRSC's LISS IV data is labelled as: 506 and 853 meters.</div>
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Gradient of the landslide:</div>
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The topographic elevation of the head of the landslide: 1500 masl</div>
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Elevation of bottom part of the landslide (at the Sun Koshi river course): 850 masl</div>
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Vertical height of the landslide: 1500-850 = 650 meter</div>
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Average slope of the landslide: 650 / 1500 = 1 meter vertical, 2.3 meter horizontal.</div>
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Landslide Dam:</div>
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Height (most of the reports) : 55 meter</div>
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Dam length: 300 meter</div>
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Length of toe of the dam: 700 meter</div>
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Gradient of the toe: 1:6 (calculated from photographs taken in the field).</div>
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Width of dam: 150 meter.</div>
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Landslide Lake:</div>
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Straight line distance as given by LISS IV data: 2.36 KM.</div>
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Length along the lake: 2.5 KM (calculated from the CartoSAT Data)</div>
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Perimeter: 6520 meter.</div>
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Area: 52 Ha (LISS IV as reported by NRSC: 44 Ha).</div>
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Indra Sharan KC</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-30520666253619179982017-12-18T12:54:00.005+05:452018-08-31T10:00:59.161+05:45Nepal's Total Installed Hydro-power<h2>
Nepal's Total Installed Hydro-power: 917.484 MW</h2>
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<i>Indra Sharan KC, GISP</i></div>
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As per Department of Electricity's Data, the total installed hydro-power of Nepal is 917.484 MW.</h3>
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As of December 8, 2017, there are total 76 hydro-power plant sites producing total 917.484 MW. There are 13 sites that produce below 1 MW, total of all 13 sites is 9.975 MW. Remaining 63 sites produce more than 1 MW at each location, thus total of all 63 sites is 907.509 MW.<br />
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The following map shows the distribution of the hydro-power plant sites. At the moment, most of the hydro-power plants are concentrated in Provinces 4 and 3. Province 1 ranks the third. Province 5, 6 and 7 have few of the plants. Province 2 does not have single hydro-power plant. It gets from other provinces.<br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1600" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtpkxzrP66Z6sZD9j0Px3AUHORwIDtK1t5Mp4MLgtYD9FwSyzu3sWx0I1X5536n5K4Ep962FTS-SrE2Te-DpnD4tSGdHWQL2FrDa8ZkKrB2lChJepfcaFTF6Mn2KXt9951H-ws3r0LmMWk/s640/Installed+Hydropower+Capacity+Across+7+States+and+Basins+Dec+18+2017.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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For detailed data source please refer to these tables from Department of Electricity, Government of Nepal:<br />
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<a href="http://doed.gov.np/operating_projects_hydro_below_1.php">Table 1:<1 a="" hydro-power="" mw="" nbsp="" operating="" sites=""></1> Less than 1 MW Operating Hydro-power Sites</a><br />
<a href="http://doed.gov.np/operating_projects_hydro.php">Table 2: Above 1 MW Operating Hydro-power Sites</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-62701432226980061402017-04-12T09:17:00.003+05:452017-04-12T09:35:18.425+05:45Golden Rice Fields<div style="margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;">
Golden Rice Fields<br />
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Indra Sharan KC<br />
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Rice fields are level terraces with bunds, for it requires water to be collected for at least 6 inch for about three months from plantation time in July. It is harvested in November. Rice fields are kept dry for about one two two months for better yield and for better harvest practices. Before one months of harvest, rice start changing from green to brown to golden color, contrasting with other greenery in the surrounding</div>
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Pawai Gamde VDC, has total area of 13 Sq km. The land that grows rice in Pawai Gamde is divided into two geomorphological units: Suraudi khola rice fields (at elevation of 700 to 900 meter) and Pawai khola rice fields (1000 to 1200 meter). The fields in this picture are from Pawai Khola area.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSaaZM4VpgEsnL1Fu4_RLkN1yYayNIVWmWq7o8VCleqZfP2tgQz2MAlrKTZi3M8W3HE7Gi_owjNzRMgFJJlezXfNYdESR-Yd9PvYR6UGUfUsb1uaFHvB_AjPa4I3cPls2JU3Jwmj4RJfrG/s1600-h/PA304645.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSaaZM4VpgEsnL1Fu4_RLkN1yYayNIVWmWq7o8VCleqZfP2tgQz2MAlrKTZi3M8W3HE7Gi_owjNzRMgFJJlezXfNYdESR-Yd9PvYR6UGUfUsb1uaFHvB_AjPa4I3cPls2JU3Jwmj4RJfrG/s400/PA304645.JPG" width="400" /></a> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezzv9QkHY9gyTbMIsMrlTRYiLXAiRUbhDQzjKtux0opYQeHqYfclz1c0ye-M-R18Xd8v8qmgWiyCR6r0DKEQEsZHvoe4Fz7vLI5VPd_swg9-s4quACl9uRyCR_4CiDl-91wdlmhyPSFJz/s1600-h/PA304646.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhezzv9QkHY9gyTbMIsMrlTRYiLXAiRUbhDQzjKtux0opYQeHqYfclz1c0ye-M-R18Xd8v8qmgWiyCR6r0DKEQEsZHvoe4Fz7vLI5VPd_swg9-s4quACl9uRyCR_4CiDl-91wdlmhyPSFJz/s400/PA304646.JPG" width="400" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH-E_IoWossvqySyjTIsV6vVCgVBpA5sW45aGT5-sa2ooNFRAUx2vMqXKuTHsY6Fjbypraq4o2-PvJtnXK2pL11Rn5UnyZm690jcg5DYLoRZgGi44Sy6jVfefLr7DXVA4CcTfVIH6srsZR/s1600-h/PA304648.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH-E_IoWossvqySyjTIsV6vVCgVBpA5sW45aGT5-sa2ooNFRAUx2vMqXKuTHsY6Fjbypraq4o2-PvJtnXK2pL11Rn5UnyZm690jcg5DYLoRZgGi44Sy6jVfefLr7DXVA4CcTfVIH6srsZR/s400/PA304648.JPG" width="400" /></a> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj217Febaml8BuhMgkrvrItj90WnfoUW_Vz3a4LLEhq1fx9iempjdB-KSCPATO3lwqOvmk9ZmQE9hosH0JbgWmQLs_L7QZDEVdfsB8HYgeRzi4N0s1StGh_quMT65hyEQ7YPjmX8PvOwabO/s1600-h/PA304650.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj217Febaml8BuhMgkrvrItj90WnfoUW_Vz3a4LLEhq1fx9iempjdB-KSCPATO3lwqOvmk9ZmQE9hosH0JbgWmQLs_L7QZDEVdfsB8HYgeRzi4N0s1StGh_quMT65hyEQ7YPjmX8PvOwabO/s400/PA304650.JPG" width="400" /></a> </div>
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Picture taken on fifth day of Dipawali (October 19, 2008). Dipawali is related to, among many other things, agricultural prosperity.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Pawai Gamde Khola, Pauwegaude, Nepal28.1174696 83.91462328.1034651 83.894453000000013 28.1314741 83.934793tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-55913141024825427422014-09-29T18:02:00.002+05:452014-09-29T18:02:59.431+05:45Sun Koshi Landslide: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Data - Visual Analysis <h2>
Sun Koshi Landslide: Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Data - Visual Analysis </h2>
Indra Sharan KC<br />
Sept 29, 2014.<br />
Kathmandu<br />
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<i>This blog is based on data and information made available at</i><br />
<i><a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/">National Remote Sensing Center Website</a>: http://nrsc.gov.in/ Accessed on Sept 17, and 29, 2014). Therefore NRSC is gratefully acknowledged. All the images are provided with their original source links</i>. <i>These images are copy righted to NRSC/ISRO.</i><br />
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<a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/">National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Government of India</a> published Satellite Images of recent Landslide on Sun Koshi River in Nepal.<br />
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The landslide had taken place on August 2, 2014. The landslide killed 156 people and destroyed 33 houses; a 2.5 KW hydropower plant in Sunkoshi Bazar; intake structure of 10 KW Sunkoshi hydro in Lamosangu; transmission lines and towers and about 1.5 KM of road in Ramche and Jure. There was 67 MW of power less in the grid, due to this landslide which added extra 4 hours of load shedding in the regular load shedding of daily 10 hours. Significant amount of agricultural land and forest was impacted by the mega landslide.<br />
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Nepal Army had been using light explosives, heavy equipment and muscle power to clear open channel to release water from the 2.36 km long, 200 m wide lake with a surface area of 44 Ha formed from the 5.5 million cubic meter debris deposit on Sun Koshi's bend that is exactly at the intersection of 4 Village Development Committees (VDCs), namely, Ramche, Mangkha, Tekanpur and Duskhun, of Sindhupalchok district. So, the landslide affected people and area of those 4 VDCs.<br />
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The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite images provide a great deal of valuable visual information. First, there was no areal or space view to inform scientists and concerned people on the scale and magnitude of the landslide and its impact area. Second, quantitative data on landslide and lake parameters were all speculative. The images available at nrsc.gov.in answer these two questions very precisely.<br />
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There are two types of IRS Images provided by the NRSC on Sun Koshi Landslide.<br />
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<i>LISS IV - multi-spectral images ( Spatial resolution: 5.8 meter at nadir)</i><br />
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A LISS-IV sensor operates in multi-spectral and Mono mode. This sensor provides data with a spatial resolution of 5.8m (at nadir) in both the modes.<br />
In the Mono mode, the sensor provides data of a single band in the visible region, with a swath of 70 Km (at nadir) and across track steerability of + 26<br />
degrees. In the multi-spectral mode, the sensor provides data of three bands with a swath of 23Km.<br />
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<u>When the lake was fully formed:</u><br />
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The image was taken by RESOURCESAT on 5th August. Here is the link to the images. The measurements data on the landslide and lake are given on the image itself. The Indian National remote Sensing Center LISS IV images are <a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/Nepal_Landslide5.html">here</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCchLUO9tQRDK6LIY9STJ1nlGS6lsnQpcvCYVVXcIS5k0gZRXr8tlDyUyLk0bIfS_mi2f0KxMq1LLtxgYtV18dRvDx7sRobjoQcKa-g6BrGpkvVwwjCf6JU3GrTIRdUxWC7R0luU3llJMI/s1600/Nepal_Landslide7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCchLUO9tQRDK6LIY9STJ1nlGS6lsnQpcvCYVVXcIS5k0gZRXr8tlDyUyLk0bIfS_mi2f0KxMq1LLtxgYtV18dRvDx7sRobjoQcKa-g6BrGpkvVwwjCf6JU3GrTIRdUxWC7R0luU3llJMI/s1600/Nepal_Landslide7.jpg" height="320" width="309" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv_zN_HfJbqN2uYl9rXGX34MbHSVjBVrWAgQl6qsC87hiznRvxYUyKKerkeGBdJpu3j274w1DZ-vOcZhduTK3YWiOzMe4xTmQatXwzR_r7E5SjMEt9cVCXmr2JyMIGDDlMKJh_3CgkPVQY/s1600/Nepal_Landslide8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv_zN_HfJbqN2uYl9rXGX34MbHSVjBVrWAgQl6qsC87hiznRvxYUyKKerkeGBdJpu3j274w1DZ-vOcZhduTK3YWiOzMe4xTmQatXwzR_r7E5SjMEt9cVCXmr2JyMIGDDlMKJh_3CgkPVQY/s1600/Nepal_Landslide8.jpg" height="266" width="320" /></a></div>
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The landslide width at the top and bottom portions measured 506 and 853 meters. The width of the dam (across the river) measures to be 200 meter.<br />
Similarly, the length of the lake (straight from the dam to to Sunkoshi bazar at the confluence of Sun Koshi and Bhote Koshi rivers) is shown to be 2.36 KM. From the measurement on image, the area of the lake is 44 Ha.<br />
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The measurement is done on-screen using geo-referenced satellite image, and the value can change slightly from person to person. Perhaps these measured values are close to themselves 95% of the time.<br />
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<u>Post- dam opening (post Sept 7) image:</u><br />
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The landslide lake suddenly eroded the channel created by the Army and 60 percent of water released in early hours of September 7, 2014. Not serious damage was noticed, although the villages just downstream were evacuated by the people themselves for fear of being washed away by the landslide lake outburst flood. The image clearly shows the decrease in water level. The upper portion of lake (the area near Sun Koshi bazaar, the confluence of Sun Koshi and Bhote Koshi)) is now out of water. Similarly the area near the dam where a small stream by name Dabi Khola meets Sun Koshi, is also out of water impoundment. Village called Tekan, at this confluence, which is about a kilometer away from the landslide, was destroyed by the landslide and formation of the lake. This<a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/images/Nepal_Landslide_September17.jpg"> image of September 17</a>, clearly shows this change.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcsplj0V-GRZ9jDImScyZYSddCmRzYQawC6W4QFiKKerP1tQPWrp9nNefRy2zNzClXtw7h6NJLWxeoOtrRcya_psoHP73mLGj24sxJkuAw3rQAqihjo2t0sg5fJgKKXdJhvqm3CK2VJZr/s1600/Nepal_Landslide_September17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcsplj0V-GRZ9jDImScyZYSddCmRzYQawC6W4QFiKKerP1tQPWrp9nNefRy2zNzClXtw7h6NJLWxeoOtrRcya_psoHP73mLGj24sxJkuAw3rQAqihjo2t0sg5fJgKKXdJhvqm3CK2VJZr/s1600/Nepal_Landslide_September17.jpg" height="286" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>CartoSat Panchromatic Images: (Spatial resolution: 2.5 meter at nadir)</i></div>
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National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad also acquired CartoSat-2 data over the landslide on August 23, 2014, when the lake was still intact. Cartosat data are high resolution (2.5 meter), and the measurements on this data yields better results. <a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/images/Nepal_Landslide_august23.jpg">This image</a> provides a great view of the landslide and the extent of the lake. Satellite CartoSat carries two PAN sensors with 2.5m resolution and fore-aft stereo capability. The payload is designed to cater to applications in cartography, and terrain modeling. However, the NRSC has only provided measurement data using LISS IV MX data, which is 5.8 meter in resolution. </div>
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This image although has some clouds at the upper part of the landslide, has best captured the landslide and the lake in great details.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-4IoBsGg6TGcnX7V6WOzfQ4wkTlRdEwBhZa8YOAJc2o1VRorX2aJS8W63XYtJp5f4YNdxmOY1psb7zZUcA39O1Z5WhlPtW834smqz26jIofqG6n2HVpsPTZh8lfP0cQghd5TbkLTzsSOW/s1600/Nepal_Landslide_august23_detailed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-4IoBsGg6TGcnX7V6WOzfQ4wkTlRdEwBhZa8YOAJc2o1VRorX2aJS8W63XYtJp5f4YNdxmOY1psb7zZUcA39O1Z5WhlPtW834smqz26jIofqG6n2HVpsPTZh8lfP0cQghd5TbkLTzsSOW/s1600/Nepal_Landslide_august23_detailed.jpg" height="203" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Quantitative measurements of Sun Koshi Landslide, Dam and Lake as provided by NRSC</i></div>
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The data from the satellite imagery provides the following information.</div>
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Length of Landslide: </div>
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The length of the longest portion of landslide on plan view is 1.5 km. NRSC using LISS IV image labels it 1.3 KM. </div>
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Width of the landslide:</div>
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The width at top is about 500 meter. The width at the bottom part is 900 meter. The landslide tapers from 900 meter at the bottom to 428 meter at the bottle neck portion above at 1.14 KM from the river bed. The average width of the landslide is 600 meter. The NRSC's LISS IV data is labelled as: 506 and 853 meters.</div>
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Landslide Dam:</div>
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Height (most of the reports) : 55 meter</div>
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Dam length: 300 meter</div>
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Length of toe of the dam: 700 meter</div>
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Gradient of the toe: 1:6 (calculated from photographs taken in the field).</div>
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Width of dam: 150 meter.</div>
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Landslide Lake:</div>
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Straight line distance as given by LISS IV data: 2.36 KM.</div>
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Area as LISS IV, reported by NRSC: 44 Ha.</div>
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<i>Further analysis will follow in next blog.</i></div>
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http://thehimalayanuniverse.blogspot.com</div>
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Reference: </div>
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CARTOSAT 1, Data User's Handbook, National Remote Sensing Center, Indian Space Research Organization, available <a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/pdf/hcartosat1.pdf">here</a>.</div>
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RESOURCESAT-2, Data User's Handbook, National Remote Sensing Center, Indian Space Research Organization, available <a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/pdf/resourcesat2.pdf">here</a>. </div>
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<a href="http://nrsc.gov.in/">National Remote Sensing Center Website</a>: http://nrsc.gov.in/ Accessed on Sept 17, and 29, 2014).</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-18678565737110834182013-11-22T18:57:00.002+05:452013-11-22T19:08:50.385+05:45Constituent Assembly Election Results Map as of November 22, 2013, 4PMAs of November 22, 2013, by 4:pm<br />
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The counting of the votes, from the Constituent Assembly Election held on November 19, 2013, have shows that out of 240 seats, the winning parties and candidates for 93 seats have been declared. There are only 3 women candidates elected so far.<br />
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The below map shows the spatial patterns of political parties winning the CA seats.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQJFhVKX0O_E4PcwlhF1nT_FKAadFE0vZzmps6sNIo8ITuwNkCyN8Pen0QJ6Gyg4rPN-iWxEBP8kb9TvK2nbNES2k3klGdhBzuMg8mbvVVaG8Z1gyqbDY4PopvokhYMBQq2OtX_aReN2u/s1600/HBlogspot_ELECTION+RESULTS+AS+OF+NOVEMBER+22,+2013+4PM+A4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQJFhVKX0O_E4PcwlhF1nT_FKAadFE0vZzmps6sNIo8ITuwNkCyN8Pen0QJ6Gyg4rPN-iWxEBP8kb9TvK2nbNES2k3klGdhBzuMg8mbvVVaG8Z1gyqbDY4PopvokhYMBQq2OtX_aReN2u/s320/HBlogspot_ELECTION+RESULTS+AS+OF+NOVEMBER+22,+2013+4PM+A4.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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The NC and UML have 40 seats each. UCPN (Maoist) has won 8 seats.<br />
Download the map for viewing the results on your own.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-50762937005055931262013-07-05T12:53:00.002+05:452013-07-08T09:03:02.394+05:45NASA's products point towards heavy rains on 7th July, in the Far-west Nepal and North IndiaI have been following the products published by NASA - TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission). It appears like these products are really experimental. They are on higher sides of estimations. The rains are less frequent and less intense than what is mapped and communicated. Let us see for the data 7th July in the image below:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2-AfIHBGC3wLrVRx0tuWZOxIGarTZUSvh7QeRSDlr5z06IUBqn_d5RoaQ04phomo5Gxfp2b9G2QU3bB3mkHvjclqzczEw-q2IM5u_45t1w6D8FNBSY99_rFzdSzoD9Oa977rog7Whzg7y/s1031/July+7+forecast.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2-AfIHBGC3wLrVRx0tuWZOxIGarTZUSvh7QeRSDlr5z06IUBqn_d5RoaQ04phomo5Gxfp2b9G2QU3bB3mkHvjclqzczEw-q2IM5u_45t1w6D8FNBSY99_rFzdSzoD9Oa977rog7Whzg7y/s1600/July+7+forecast.JPG" /></a></div>
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Clearly, the Ghaghra and Tista and Mahananda rivers will swell affecting in many parts in India.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAMzzf1fe-bC-6HUcCgD_fcPIG2UfryoU2hFsl6LBw8AdBpKWpeg5OgWoCRAbA8y5yLOl-yRtI5iO1R2TgIZdNGcrCLSMLtrAVMYylwcqqySsDOcQcV7U7oLE736CJODPhrVLc9RhpM6w/s224/july+7+zoom.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAMzzf1fe-bC-6HUcCgD_fcPIG2UfryoU2hFsl6LBw8AdBpKWpeg5OgWoCRAbA8y5yLOl-yRtI5iO1R2TgIZdNGcrCLSMLtrAVMYylwcqqySsDOcQcV7U7oLE736CJODPhrVLc9RhpM6w/s400/july+7+zoom.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA3egi666NnYNlTEhR8AcyU8ETzEm2neCd1iHGu4K2wpLeiCoYDyqtgCTmrw2QMHM1Fd7rZbAPUrEjBzF-cRx321CUQUhKRoiZbnrDMbYaH7VQM1sEB_tBgzyj-hjDOSrZh5Y_g9ju23TL/s390/July+7+legend.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="59" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA3egi666NnYNlTEhR8AcyU8ETzEm2neCd1iHGu4K2wpLeiCoYDyqtgCTmrw2QMHM1Fd7rZbAPUrEjBzF-cRx321CUQUhKRoiZbnrDMbYaH7VQM1sEB_tBgzyj-hjDOSrZh5Y_g9ju23TL/s320/July+7+legend.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The pink color is clearly 250 mm rain which is concentrated in the Mahakali/Sharada and Karnali/Ghaghra in the western part of Nepal and on Mahananda/Mahakali, Tista and some Brahmaputra basin in Assam.<br />
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NASA has clearly said these are experimental products. We should see how close they are with the real rainfall. We do not measure, we just compare from the news.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-21941212467509049852013-06-20T17:20:00.000+05:452013-06-20T17:20:24.043+05:45Rainfall Update: More flooding expected coming days<b>Rainfall Update: More flooding expected coming days</b><br />
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Please see the visualization of rainfall intensities in the form of maps in the following pages. The colored patches are the areas where heavy rainfall occurred in the past and is expected in the coming week. The red colored areas are where minimum rains and the purple ones are the areas where maximum rains occurred. You will see two kinds of maps (a) forecast for June 19, and June 22 and (b) trend of rainfall that caused heavy floods in western Nepal and North India.<br />
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Scientists have found that if the rainfall exceeds 144mm in a day, the likelihood of landslides increase unexpectedly in Nepal. The </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> forecast shows rains will exceed the range of 200mm. So, more landslides to be expected. More loss of lives and property, sad news.</span></i><br />
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<b>1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Forectasts</b><br />
<u>Forecast for June 19, 2013</u><br />
This is rainfall prediction for June 19, UTC 1200. Heavy rains expected in the region of the range min 100 mm to max of 250mm for June 19 at about 1200 UTC.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn25VyXB1wy6oh7TLEz4AK7BJu5Jtjzkx6AeFu8KfFKNAsg8JiKiEh9hwzCJHo21HNKy9SC-5MCaoXJmiuU_zM3gnrO441WeKGaarCXdlEKvCt-AzsqmoYqeBAgEgUQoelphxVUQberKd-/s1600/Trmm_Forecast_19June.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn25VyXB1wy6oh7TLEz4AK7BJu5Jtjzkx6AeFu8KfFKNAsg8JiKiEh9hwzCJHo21HNKy9SC-5MCaoXJmiuU_zM3gnrO441WeKGaarCXdlEKvCt-AzsqmoYqeBAgEgUQoelphxVUQberKd-/s320/Trmm_Forecast_19June.JPG" width="237" /></a></div>
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<u>Forecast for June 22, 2013 at UTC 300</u><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Yxi9CYwJmyWeeGEofFFWU7FW1IYzj8Mw8DM5U7T7wywYdb98JDlbF3MdEYFdPxawvL-JgkIQ_mZiZxGqr2H_3EVFkIujkdaU_P0i6r1obijHSIS98esoZkSKs_UJ2BQOqyGNWnOqNE7X/s1600/Trmm_forecast_June22_p00UTC.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Yxi9CYwJmyWeeGEofFFWU7FW1IYzj8Mw8DM5U7T7wywYdb98JDlbF3MdEYFdPxawvL-JgkIQ_mZiZxGqr2H_3EVFkIujkdaU_P0i6r1obijHSIS98esoZkSKs_UJ2BQOqyGNWnOqNE7X/s320/Trmm_forecast_June22_p00UTC.JPG" width="235" /></a></div>
This is rainfall prediction for June 22, UTC 300. Heavy rains expected in the region of the range min 100 mm to max of 250mm more frequently that for June 19. <br />
<b>2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Recent rainfall trend</b><br />
<u>24 hours accumulated rainfall on June 19 by UTC 300</u><br />
Minimum 35 mm, central region of Nepal, India, Myanmar and China.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEickCVEfhZATlQehALhSbPIPgZaF71spbXZUwl0yDWLi875L-mnxVhrXA8arGcvSo8m523ES3O-0TcnPpGvGCx9z_DCajNMFlX3Rowtf7YvsdeTwEuVmjWLohpfgEwnou2uYuEojzJT_CC8/s1600/TRMM_1Day_accum.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEickCVEfhZATlQehALhSbPIPgZaF71spbXZUwl0yDWLi875L-mnxVhrXA8arGcvSo8m523ES3O-0TcnPpGvGCx9z_DCajNMFlX3Rowtf7YvsdeTwEuVmjWLohpfgEwnou2uYuEojzJT_CC8/s320/TRMM_1Day_accum.JPG" width="266" /></a></div>
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<u>3 days accumulated rainfall on June 19 by UTC 300</u><br />
Minimum 100 mm, max 200mm central and western regions of Nepal, India, Myanmar and China.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLW51oqpimSrJS1y4TGtaSfLxG_TnlS13vFqIS5usu2fK_U1xNsdMIeveYG1CVLufplebvRXKtTBmzNGreZzuJElG53bkFboLfiIHVfa81eDeYdnh-q5iA_kqeVjiH0bL_Yn_wszHy1IdD/s1600/Trmm_3Day_accum.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLW51oqpimSrJS1y4TGtaSfLxG_TnlS13vFqIS5usu2fK_U1xNsdMIeveYG1CVLufplebvRXKtTBmzNGreZzuJElG53bkFboLfiIHVfa81eDeYdnh-q5iA_kqeVjiH0bL_Yn_wszHy1IdD/s320/Trmm_3Day_accum.JPG" width="268" /></a></div>
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<u>7 days accumulated rainfall on June 19 by UTC 300</u><br />
Minimum 200 mm, max 500 mm central and western regions of Nepal, India, Myanmar and China.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdrRMvjkFmQbWJBZJ7qU873slMfAyVnEGbDtXI5jIFgAkCONZVjtfwj-ObSarebgcs26a72mmvX89sRRs3cRxIj5-5UFQziFw8gkYsYI_hZCs1OyKz5reW2aNDaOEQSay0s1TIJfW65Diq/s1600/TrMM_7Daya_Accum.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdrRMvjkFmQbWJBZJ7qU873slMfAyVnEGbDtXI5jIFgAkCONZVjtfwj-ObSarebgcs26a72mmvX89sRRs3cRxIj5-5UFQziFw8gkYsYI_hZCs1OyKz5reW2aNDaOEQSay0s1TIJfW65Diq/s320/TrMM_7Daya_Accum.JPG" width="275" /></a></div>
For more on TRMM, please visit: http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/. To understand the process, please refer to this literature: Algorithm 3B42 - TRMM Merged HQ/Infrared Precipitation; http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/3b42.html<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-72185468373675720652013-06-17T16:21:00.000+05:452018-08-31T10:02:32.809+05:45Constituency Map of Kathmandu District and valleyThe 2008 Constituent Assembly Electoral District Maps of Kathmandu district and Kathmandu valley:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMJfi_5m757P72Xfr2SfFSR6fX6h8JRGQ-ovzIjrLaEyL4_2rFJh_uxq5lnwUlIixO2t0k-l85DvftHR-unowLYf3RcZLqagF3W9r_5j0kDaoc5lgRidbSRlsLbzMxpgiaFDChj2St4Nbk/s1600/CA+KATHMANDU_A1_HU.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMJfi_5m757P72Xfr2SfFSR6fX6h8JRGQ-ovzIjrLaEyL4_2rFJh_uxq5lnwUlIixO2t0k-l85DvftHR-unowLYf3RcZLqagF3W9r_5j0kDaoc5lgRidbSRlsLbzMxpgiaFDChj2St4Nbk/s320/CA+KATHMANDU_A1_HU.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Kathmandu had 10 constituencies. It is likely that the 2013 CA election will have 16 Constituencies in Kthmandu.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4e-cPMuHenIw6Y5MrIQr-8HtfmUK34Qo_rh7tC5I8LDzjzIQPnK4_zC9iceEcV_0tNk4jjiP4lhDBxO0BvXGQmKWDstNe1epJGxFmBvvsof5jYBeZdpuZDtOE7MPFgdgIsEI79jHnLv_q/s1600/CA+KATHMANDU+VALLEY_HU.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4e-cPMuHenIw6Y5MrIQr-8HtfmUK34Qo_rh7tC5I8LDzjzIQPnK4_zC9iceEcV_0tNk4jjiP4lhDBxO0BvXGQmKWDstNe1epJGxFmBvvsof5jYBeZdpuZDtOE7MPFgdgIsEI79jHnLv_q/s320/CA+KATHMANDU+VALLEY_HU.png" width="225" /></a></div>
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Kathmandu valley Constituencies. Kathmandu valley has 4 districts: Kabhre, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur.</div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-82370717846468748712013-06-17T15:01:00.001+05:452013-06-17T15:04:08.138+05:45Preliminary Analysis of Constituencies: Which districts gain and which districts loose?As per constitution of Nepal, after a census is taken the constituency areas will be re-delimitted.<br />
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Census of Nepal 2011 taken by Government of Nepal's Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) has been published.<br />
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On comparison of data between Census 2001 and Censu 2011, the following information is gleaned:<br />
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1. Total 48 districts had increase in population. The blue color on the map shows these districts.<br />
2. Total 27 districts saw decrease in population. The red colored districts on the map.<br />
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2001 Population: 23,151,423<br />
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<span style="text-align: -webkit-right;">2011 population: 26,494,504.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinERFAf6qCbq7Jg_vP8rr43rOAq0XfNKHf5k_TH6U_TY6kZuU1LbXd8XcVM_mupKLq5v_JMZG1hS2Gjt_Woo5vNVUZTezYnG31luAXzsGJwu14sM4IKWco3VzQCMMioLGdMnjP4u5AsLhj/s1600/CENSUS+01-11+CHANGE+DISTRICTS.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinERFAf6qCbq7Jg_vP8rr43rOAq0XfNKHf5k_TH6U_TY6kZuU1LbXd8XcVM_mupKLq5v_JMZG1hS2Gjt_Woo5vNVUZTezYnG31luAXzsGJwu14sM4IKWco3VzQCMMioLGdMnjP4u5AsLhj/s320/CENSUS+01-11+CHANGE+DISTRICTS.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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See the pattern of decreasing population trend:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0XhyYaoyZRofgHiW9tbYRcnJ3cSRIRJdP85Y8BZu5o8DfNQ9TJHXJrUJsceglgrZZeCMDUVg9Ab4G78G-XHHqapH10xaDTDpTvHrE1OUJK2DuKV3mayvzBJlxgH2e9-5e872YhtjYLmZQ/s1600/CENSUS+01-11+POP+DECREASED+DISTRICTS.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0XhyYaoyZRofgHiW9tbYRcnJ3cSRIRJdP85Y8BZu5o8DfNQ9TJHXJrUJsceglgrZZeCMDUVg9Ab4G78G-XHHqapH10xaDTDpTvHrE1OUJK2DuKV3mayvzBJlxgH2e9-5e872YhtjYLmZQ/s320/CENSUS+01-11+POP+DECREASED+DISTRICTS.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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See the pattern of increasing population trend below:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFaG5lupm0bpal7KZsaYlb1LYQUryZ3mxERci-vcO6RFAkJkjfEp4vYpojE3sdfzql_cf10JivxHf61kXECfm72DbBoTtngjGyskrQZK3YxhPwKFLu7LzBnJ0Rwp7N5LmZkQvuDgELib2/s1600/CENSUS+01-11+POP+INCREASED+DISTRICTS.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFaG5lupm0bpal7KZsaYlb1LYQUryZ3mxERci-vcO6RFAkJkjfEp4vYpojE3sdfzql_cf10JivxHf61kXECfm72DbBoTtngjGyskrQZK3YxhPwKFLu7LzBnJ0Rwp7N5LmZkQvuDgELib2/s320/CENSUS+01-11+POP+INCREASED+DISTRICTS.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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The pattern of gain and loss in the number of constituencies appears to be as given below:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfD14aS4g3-0x2bLTNRaW5kWogEatfBE2mYFIXB3DfruCU0mAP9cjvgPLjSlaMfu0w4sC1fH5S1oD-NlNHulXn9ydSj3jkUN-zj8H3NFafO7OycSkcnXOJdL7NvTSTDX1hhXqX7aihrzQB/s1600/FPTP+Analysis+2013-HU.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfD14aS4g3-0x2bLTNRaW5kWogEatfBE2mYFIXB3DfruCU0mAP9cjvgPLjSlaMfu0w4sC1fH5S1oD-NlNHulXn9ydSj3jkUN-zj8H3NFafO7OycSkcnXOJdL7NvTSTDX1hhXqX7aihrzQB/s320/FPTP+Analysis+2013-HU.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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I will update on the changes and new findings in future blogs.</div>
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Thank you</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-81657005460884652912013-06-17T12:20:00.002+05:452013-06-17T12:23:01.582+05:45Nepal Constituent Assembly (CA) election date announced for 19 Nov 2013Government of Nepal announced Constituent Assembly Election date as November 19, 2013 (BS Mungsheer 4, 2070).<br />
<a href="http://www.nepalelectionchannel.org/english/stories/815--govt-sets-ca-election-date-for-november-19.html">See the link here.</a><br />
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<b>RAM KUMAR KAMAT</b></div>
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KATHMANDU: Putting an end to the long-drawn-out period of uncertainty, the government today decided to hold Constituent Assembly election on November 19.<br />
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A Cabinet meeting took a call on the poll date after sorting out all contentious issues related to election laws. The government endorsed the Election to the Constituent Assembly Ordinance and forwarded it to the Office of the President for the seal of approval, said Minister for Information and Communications Madhav Prasad Poudel.<br />
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The Election Commission-proposed threshold provision, much-debated by four major forces at their innumerable High Level Political Committee meetings, has been removed, in an apparent bid to appease the fringe parties. The government, however, has upheld EC’s proposal on eligibility criteria for CA candidature. “A person convicted of heinous crime by a court will be disqualified from contesting the election,” Poudel told THT.<br />
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He said the government has kept existing provision on inclusiveness intact, exempting any party fielding less than 30 per cent candidates under proportional representation from being inclusive for other than woman category. The Nepali Congress and CPN-UML had been demanding that all the parties, irrespective of their strength, should follow the principle of inclusiveness equally in other categories as well. The government has also cracked the ‘other groups’ conundrum and has put Brahmin, Chhetri, Thakuri, Sanyasi and others who have not been defined in this category.<br />
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President Ram Baran Yadav’s press adviser Rajendra Dahal said the Head of State would take a call on the government-forwarded ordinance tomorrow.</div>
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<strong>Panel to delimit constituencies</strong></div>
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KATHMANDU: The government on Thursday formed Constituency Delimitation Commission which will be led by former Supreme Court justice Tahir Ali Ansari. Geographist Netra Dhital, administration expert Madhunidhi Tiwari, Sociologist Dambar Chemjong and Secretary at the Prime Minister’s Office Raju Man Singh Malla are the members. The commission will complete delineation of electoral districts for the 240 first-past-the-post seats within next 30 days.</div>
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Source: <a href="http://thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Govt+sets+CA+election+date+for+November+19&NewsID=379992&a=3">http://thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Govt+sets+CA+election+date+for+November+19&NewsID=379992&a=3</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-55936215496409551702012-05-18T10:15:00.000+05:452012-05-18T10:17:53.359+05:45Geospatial RevolutionThis video captured very essence of the Geospatial science in simple language and pictures. Very high profile people tell you the story and facts. Look ahead where the world is heading:<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZdQjc30YPOk?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
Thank you<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-9694459018921044132011-10-12T13:26:00.000+05:452011-10-12T13:26:03.773+05:45Steve Jobs an Inspiration To All<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If you love to learn something more about Steve Jobs, the co-founder and CEO of Apple, read the blog from Igor<span> </span>Ovsyannykov.<span> </span>He i<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #404040;">s a 19 year old geek, blogger, and designer. He also enjoys weight lifting, hanging out with friends, and loosing his mind to progressive house music. If you would like to reach him, send him an email to inspirationfeed@yahoo.com</span></span></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #404040;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://inspirationfeed.com/articles/design-articles/steve-jobs-an-inspiration-to-all/">http://inspirationfeed.com/articles/design-articles/steve-jobs-an-inspiration-to-all/</a></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #404040;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #404040; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;"></span></div><h2 style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #202020; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: white 0px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">What Others are Saying</h2><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Here are some statements and reactions regarding his death. The following people are some of the most know in the industry. Check out below what they had to say.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Michelle and I are saddened to learn of the passing of Steve Jobs. Steve was among the greatest of American innovators – brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit of American ingenuity. By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy to millions of children and grownups alike. Steve was fond of saying that he lived every day like it was his last. Because he did, he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The world has lost a visionary. And there may be no greater tribute to Steve’s success than the fact that much of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented. Michelle and I send our thoughts and prayers to Steve’s wife Laurene, his family, and all those who loved him.” - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Barack Obama</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“I am very, very sad to hear the news about Steve. He was a great man with incredible achievements and amazing brilliance. He always seemed to be able to say in very few words what you actually should have been thinking before you thought it. His focus on the user experience above all else has always been an inspiration to me. He was very kind to reach out to me as I became CEO of Google and spend time offering his advice and knowledge even though he was not at all well. My thoughts and Google’s are with his family and the whole Apple family.” - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Larry Page, Google CEO</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“From the earliest days of Google, whenever Larry and I sought inspiration for vision and leadership, we needed to look no farther than Cupertino. Steve, your passion for excellence is felt by anyone who has ever touched an Apple product (including the macbook I am writing this on right now). And I have witnessed it in person the few times we have met. On behalf of all of us at Google and more broadly in technology, you will be missed very much. My condolences to family, friends, and colleagues at Apple.” - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sergey Brin, Google Co-founder</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“I’m truly saddened to learn of Steve Jobs’ death. Melinda and I extend our sincere condolences to his family and friends, and to everyone Steve has touched through his work.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Steve and I first met nearly 30 years ago, and have been colleagues, competitors and friends over the course of more than half our lives. The world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For those of us lucky enough to get to work with him, it’s been an insanely great honor. I will miss Steve immensely.” - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bill Gates</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Team,</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I have some very sad news to share with all of you. Steve passed away earlier today.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">We are planning a celebration of Steve’s extraordinary life for Apple employees that will take place soon. If you would like to share your thoughts, memories and condolences in the interim, you can simply email <a href="mailto:rememberingsteve@apple.com" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #202020; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">rememberingsteve@apple.com</a>.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">No words can adequately express our sadness at Steve’s death or our gratitude for the opportunity to work with him. We will honor his memory by dedicating ourselves to continuing the work he loved so much.” - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tim Cook, Apple CEO [in an email to Apple employees]</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Steve, thank you for being a mentor and a friend. Thanks for showing that what you build can change the world. I will miss you.” <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook CEO</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Once in a rare while, somebody comes along who doesnt just raise the bar, they create an entirely new standard of measurement.” - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dick Costolo, Twitter CEO</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“I want to express my deepest condolences at the passing of Steve Jobs, one of the founders of our industry and a true visionary. My heart goes out to his family, everyone at Apple and everyone who has been touched by his work.” - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Steve Ballmer, Microsoft CEO</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Steve Jobs was a great friend as well as a trusted advisor. His legacy will extend far beyond the products he created or the businesses he built. It will be the millions of people he inspired, the lives he changed and the culture he defined. Steve was such an ‘original,’ with a thoroughly creative, imaginative mind that defined an era. Despite all he accomplished, it feels like he was just getting started. With his passing the world has lost a rare original, Disney has lost a member of our family, and I have lost a great friend.”<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bob Iger, Disney CEO</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The magic of Steve was that while others simply accepted the status quo, he saw the true potential in everything he touched and never compromised on that vision. He leaves behind an incredible family and a legacy that will continue to speak to people for years to come<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. - George Lucas</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, we lost one of the most influential thinkers, creators and entrepreneurs of all time. Steve Jobs was simply the greatest CEO of his generation. While I am deeply saddened by his passing, I’m reminded of the stunning impact he had in revolutionizing the way people consume media and entertainment. My heart goes out to his family and to everyone who had the opportunity to work beside him in bringing his many visions to life. <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- News Corp. CEO Rupert Murdoch</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">We are saddened by the passing of Steve Jobs. Steve was an iconic inventor, visionary, and entrepreneur, and we had the privilege to know him as partner and friend. All of us at AT&T offer our thoughts and prayers to Steve’s wife, family, and his Apple family. <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tonight, America lost a genius who will be remembered with Edison and Einstein, and whose ideas will shape the world for generations to come. Again and again over the last four decades, Steve Jobs saw the future and brought it to life long before most people could even see the horizon. And Steve’s passionate belief in the power of technology to transform the way we live brought us more than smart phones and iPads: it brought knowledge and power that is reshaping the face of civilization. In New York City’s government, everyone from street construction inspectors to NYPD detectives have harnessed Apple’s products to do their jobs more efficiently and intuitively. Tonight our City – a city that has always had such respect and admiration for creative genius – joins with people around the planet in remembering a great man and keeping Laurene and the rest of the Jobs family in our thoughts and prayers. - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It’s the ultimate sadness. First of all, it’s a young person who was revered, sometimes feared, but always revered. In a way, it’s kind of prophetic; everyone was hoping he could be on stage yesterday. He was a very special person, and he didn’t get to where he was by having people like him all the time. He got to where he was because he had a vision and a purpose. It’s easy to try and please everyone, but he kept to his principles. - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Former Yahoo and Autodesk CEO Carol Bartz</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Today the world lost a visionary leader, the technology industry lost an iconic legend and I lost a friend and fellow founder. The legacy of Steve Jobs will be remembered for generations to come. My thoughts and prayers go out to his family and to the Apple team. - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dell Founder Michael Dell</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">He was one of the most remarkable business managers and innovators in american business history. - <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Warren Buffett</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Steve lived the California Dream every day of his life and he changed the world and inspired all of us.<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- Arnold Schwarzenegger</strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">___________________________________________________________________________</strong></strong></strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I think you can say he built three companies. He built the first Apple. He built Pixar. And then he built the second Apple. That is pretty extraordinary. – <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jeff Bezos CEO, Amazon.com</strong></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-89135161790449999132011-08-08T12:54:00.000+05:452011-08-08T12:54:49.544+05:45Nepal-born student who spotted ‘water’ also plays guitar<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div name="hd">Mixing music with Mars</div>- Nepal-born student who spotted ‘water’ also plays guitar</td></tr>
<tr><td style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">G.S. MUDUR</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 172px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><img align="left" src="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110807/images/07guitaristcut.jpg" /></td></tr>
<tr><td style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-transform: none;">Lujendra Ojha, the lead guitarist in a heavy metal band named Gorkha</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;"><strong>New Delhi, Aug. 6: </strong>Eight years ago, Lujendra Ojha was a schoolboy in his native Nepal trying to sharpen his skills on the guitar, but also dreaming about pursuing research on parallel universes, designing time machines and exploring space.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">Drawing inspiration from comic books, science fiction films, and Stephen Hawking’s <i>A Brief History of Time</i>, which he recalls reading while he was in the 9th grade at Kathmandu’s Galaxy Public School, Ojha wanted to do “something fascinating” in science.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">If he couldn’t travel around the world as a star guitar player, that is.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">Ojha is now an undergraduate geophysics student at the University of Arizona, Tucson, where he moved with his parents in 2005 when he was 15. And he is lead guitarist of a student band named Gorkha that specialises in heavy metal.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">But this week, Ojha appeared to leap towards a career in planetary science with his first research paper — a publication in the US journal <i>Science</i> — describing intriguing features on the planet Mars that scientists are interpreting as the flow of liquid water.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">Ojha, a co-author in the paper, was the first to spot dark finger-like features on images of the surfaces of steep slopes in the southern hemisphere of Mars, captured by a camera orbiting Nasa’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">“They appear only in the summer, grow during the summer season and fade away in the winter,” said Ojha, an undergraduate member of a research team led by principal investigator Alfred McEwen that examined the features over three Martian summers.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">These dark, finger-like features that appear and extend down some Martian slopes during the warmest months of the Mars year may show activity of salty water on Mars. They fade in winter, then recur the next spring.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">“These features appear only when the temperatures rise during summers, only on steep slopes, and only in the mid-latitudes — the best explanation we think is the flow of liquid water with salts,” Ojha told The Telegraph in a telephone interview.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">Although geological features observed on Mars earlier have indicated that liquid water once flowed on the planet, scientists believe that the possibility of liquid salt-laden water could have implications for future studies in the decades-old search for life on Mars.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">For his discovery, Ojha was among only two undergraduate students from Arizona invited to share their research findings with the government and representatives of science agencies during a special event in Washington DC in April this year.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">He believes the opportunity for research that his university offered him as well as the invitation to present his research are both tremendous honours.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">“I’m from halfway around the world, came here, and got involved in some awesome research. For me to move from Nepal to Capitol Hill in such a short (time) feels like a great accomplishment,” he told his university newsletter earlier this year.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">Ojha is determined to continue with his studies in geophysics and hopes he can become a planetary scientist. He still plays the lead guitarist in Gorkha, but says music is now only a hobby.</div><div align="left" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">“I still sometimes dream of travelling the world playing the guitar — but science is fascinating.”</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-21588826674460666062011-08-08T12:52:00.000+05:452011-08-08T12:52:18.647+05:45Signs of Flowing Water on Mars: New Discovery<br />
<h1 class="articleHeadline" style="color: black; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 2.4em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.083em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><nyt_headline type=" " version="1.0">Scientists Find Signs Water Is Flowing on Mars</nyt_headline></h1><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15px;"><nyt_byline><h6 class="byline" style="color: grey; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px;">By <a class="meta-per" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/kenneth_chang/index.html?inline=nyt-per" rel="author" style="color: #004276; text-decoration: none;" title="More Articles by Kenneth Chang">KENNETH CHANG</a></h6></nyt_byline></span><h6 class="dateline" style="color: grey; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Published: August 4, 2011</h6><div class="articleBody" style="color: #333333; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 1.7em; margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05mars.html" style="background-image: url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/icons/multimedia/enlarge_icon.gif); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #004276; display: inline; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1em; padding-left: 15px; text-decoration: none;">Enlarge This Image</a><nyt_text><nyt_correction_top></nyt_correction_top><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Shifting dark streaks on the surface of <a class="meta-classifier" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/mars_planet/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" style="color: #004276; text-decoration: underline;" title="More articles about Mars (Planet).">Mars</a> are signs that water is flowing there today, scientists said Thursday.</div></nyt_text></div><div class="articleInline runaroundLeft" style="clear: left; color: #333333; display: inline; float: left; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 15px !important; margin-top: 6px !important; width: 190px;"><div class="inlineImage module" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 12px; width: 190px;"><div class="image" style="margin-bottom: 2px;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05mars.html" style="color: #004276; display: block; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="217" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2011/08/05/science/05mars/05mars-articleInline.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" width="190" /></a></div><h6 class="credit" style="color: #909090; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.223em; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: right;">NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona</h6><div class="caption" style="color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.2727em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">An image combining orbital imagery with 3-D modeling shows flows of what scientists believe to be water that appear in spring and summer on a slope inside the Newton crater on Mars.</div></div><div class="columnGroup doubleRule" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/global/borders/doubleRule.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 7px; padding-top: 12px; width: auto !important;"><h3 class="sectionHeader" style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2857em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Related</h3><ul class="headlinesOnly multiline flush" style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;"><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><h6 style="color: black; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/08/05/multimedia/100000000983757/running-water-on-mars.html?ref=space" style="color: #004276; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: none;">Video: Running Water on Mars?</a></h6></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><h6 style="color: black; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05jupiter.html?ref=space" style="color: #004276; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: none;">For NASA, Return Trip to Jupiter in Search of Clues to Solar System’s Origins</a> (August 5, 2011)</h6></li>
</ul></div></div><div class="articleBody" style="color: #333333; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 1.7em; margin-top: 1.5em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The possible presence of liquid water is certain to revive speculation that Mars is teeming with microbial organisms. The recipe for life, at least as we know it, calls for liquid water, carbon-based molecules and a source for energy.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">There is plenty of ice on Mars, but the chemical reactions for life come to a halt when water freezes. </div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">High-resolution photographs taken by <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/main/index.html" style="color: #004276; text-decoration: underline;" title="NASA Web site for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.">NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>, which arrived at Mars in 2006, show fingerlike streaks up to five yards wide that appear on some steep slopes in the planet’s late spring. These streaks grow and shift through summer, reaching hundreds of yards in length before they fade in winter. One crater had about 1,000 streaks.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">But finding streaks is not the same as finding water. An instrument on the Mars orbiter capable of detecting water has not found any, but that might just mean that the amount of water in the flows is too little to be seen.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">“We have this circumstantial evidence for water flowing on Mars,” Alfred S. McEwen of the University of Arizona, who is the principal investigator for the camera, said Thursday during a news conference. “We have no direct detection of water.”</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Dr. McEwen and his colleagues <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/740" style="color: #004276; text-decoration: underline;" title="Abstract of the Science paper.">report their findings</a> in an article published in Friday’s issue of the journal Science. The scientists said the best explanation they could offer for the streaks was that they were caused by a flow of extremely salty water down the slopes. The salts, which have been detected all around Mars, would allow the water to remain liquid at much colder temperatures than pure water.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">However, the scientists said, they have yet to fill all the holes in their story. They cannot, for example, explain how the water darkened the soil. They are also at a loss to explain why the streaks vanish each winter.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">But, Dr. McEwen said, “We haven’t been able to come up with an alternative that we believe.”</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The streaks have been definitively seen in seven locations and tentatively identified in 20 others. “The sites where these occur are rare,” Dr. McEwen said.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Scientists have known for years of<a 2002."="" 22,="" detect="" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/28/science/28MARS.html" ice="" martian="" may="" measuring="" new="" oceans’="" scientists="" style="color: #004276; text-decoration: underline;" the="" times,="" title="" worth,"="" york=""> vast swaths of frozen ice on Mars</a>. Many geological features like canyons, dried-up lakes and river channels point to the flow of liquid water in the distant past when Mars may have been warmer. In 2000, images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft <a 2000."="" 22,="" flow="" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/22/us/orbiter-spots-signs-of-a-recent-flow-of-water-on-mars.html" june="" mars,"="" new="" of="" orbiter="" recent="" signs="" spots="" style="color: #004276; text-decoration: underline;" the="" times,="" title="" water="" york="">showed fresh-looking gullies</a>, which some scientists hypothesized had been carved by water. More recent looks indicate that they were more likely cut by carbon dioxide frost.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">However, the areas where the dark streaks occur, located in the southern midlatitudes, are too warm for carbon dioxide frost.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">“I think this is the best evidence to date of liquid water occurring today on Mars,” said Philip R. Christensen, a geophysicist at Arizona State University.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Scientists are not likely to be able to confirm their suspicions anytime soon. The Mars Science Laboratory rover, scheduled to launch late this year, will not be able to help. Its landing site is far from any of the streaks, and it would not be able to navigate the steep slopes. Dr. McEwen said that experiments on <a class="meta-classifier" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/earth_planet/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" style="color: #004276; text-decoration: underline;" title="More articles about Earth (Planet).">Earth</a> mimicking Martian conditions provided the best hope for understanding what is going on.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">At the news conference, Lisa M. Pratt, a biogeochemist at Indiana University, said that the best analog on Earth might be the Siberian permafrost. “This is very speculative, because we really have no idea whether or not there are extant organisms on Mars or whether there ever was life on Mars,” Dr. Pratt said.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">But on Earth, microbes can live in pockets of salty water that never freeze, or even if the water froze solid, organisms could go dormant and “patiently hang out near the surface until spring comes around again,” she said.</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">“If there were to be evolving organisms on Mars,” she said, “I don’t see any reason why they couldn’t adapt to that kind of seasonally available, very brief access to resources. You bloom quickly, you do what you need to do, and you go dormant.”</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-89128779193581479342010-11-16T10:09:00.001+05:452010-11-16T10:11:34.930+05:45Earth-Observation Summit Endorses Global Data Sharing<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="LayoutTable"><tbody>
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<tr><td align="left"><div id="article-info"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/330/6006/902"><i>Source: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/330/6006/902</i></a></div><div id="article-info"><i> </i></div><div id="article-info"><i>Science</i> 12 November 2010:<br />
Vol. 330. no. 6006, p. 902<br />
DOI: 10.1126/science.330.6006.902</div></td> <td align="right"><div id="page-nav"><a class="page-nav_prev" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/330/6006/901" title="Go to previous article"></a><a class=" page-nav_next" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/330/6006/903" title="Go to next article"><br />
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</tbody></table><h2>News of the Week</h2><div id="LegacyContent"><h2 name="HEADLINE"><span class="overline">Remote Sensing: </span></h2><h2>Earth-Observation Summit Endorses Global Data Sharing</h2><b> <nobr>Richard Stone</nobr> </b> <b>BEIJING</b>—Last August, heavy monsoon rains submerged nearly<sup> </sup>one-fifth of Pakistan, inflicting $43 billion worth of damage.<sup> </sup>The floodwaters destroyed homes and businesses, washed away<sup> </sup>bridges and roads, ruined crops, and claimed about 1800 lives.<sup> </sup>As bad as it was, the toll could have grown in the weeks that<sup> </sup>followed if not for a novel Earth-observation system featured<sup> </sup>at a meeting here last week.<sup> </sup><br />
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<br />
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<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <b>Waterlogged.</b> This SERVIR-Himalaya analysis shows flooding along the Indus River in Pakistan's Sindh Province last August. CREDIT: ICIMOD, NASA<br />
<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/330/6006/902/F1">[Larger version of this image]</a></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>In July, before the deluge, the International Centre for Integrated<sup> </sup>Mountain Development in Kathmandu—along with NASA and<sup> </sup>the U.S. Agency for International Development—had booted<sup> </sup>up SERVIR-Himalaya, a Web-based monitoring system that pulls<sup> </sup>together satellite imagery, forecast models, and ground observations.<sup> </sup>It "showed the progression of the floods in [near] real time,"<sup> </sup>says Sherburne Abbott, associate director for environment at<sup> </sup>the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. As<sup> </sup>the disaster unfolded, analyses revealed that flooding had knocked<sup> </sup>nearly 200 tuberculosis clinics out of commission. Forewarned,<sup> </sup>aid agencies scrambled to steer patients to functioning health<sup> </sup>centers. "They knew they were going to have a real problem,"<sup> </sup>Abbott says.<sup> </sup> SERVIR is one new instrument in a veritable orchestra of Earth-observation<sup> </sup>systems intended to make reams of data available and relevant<sup> </sup>to decision-makers. At the summit last week of the Group on<sup> </sup>Earth Observations (GEO)—the organization attempting to<sup> </sup>get this ensemble performing in synchrony—initiatives<sup> </sup>were unveiled to monitor land-cover changes and forest carbon<sup> </sup>stocks. And GEO delegates embraced plans to funnel data from<sup> </sup>platforms tracking everything from biodiversity to earthquake<sup> </sup>risks into a free and open database. "What's happening is groundbreaking,"<sup> </sup>says David Hayes, deputy secretary of the U.S. Department of<sup> </sup>the Interior. "This data is incredibly valuable. If you share<sup> </sup>it, your incremental contribution can yield a super benefit."<sup> </sup><br />
Established in 2005, GEO is an effort by 85 countries, the European<sup> </sup>Commission, and 58 international organizations to meld disparate<sup> </sup>remote-sensing tools and ground-based databases—300 databases<sup> </sup>and counting—into a seamless Global Earth Observation<sup> </sup>System of Systems (GEOSS), which is expected to come fully online<sup> </sup>in 2015. When GEO was conceived, "we understood that if you<sup> </sup>want to manage planetary problems, you have to have planetary<sup> </sup>information—which didn't exist at that stage," says Bob<sup> </sup>Scholes, a biodiversity expert at the Council for Scientific<sup> </sup>and Industrial Research in Pretoria.<sup> </sup><br />
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<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <b>Data fundamentals.</b> Of 146 critical Earth observations, GEO rates these 10 as the highest priority. CREDIT: (SOURCE) GEO<br />
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</tbody></table>GEO's progress has been remarkably swift, Scholes adds, and<sup> </sup>the project has overcome the view that data should be hoarded,<sup> </sup>not shared. "When an earlier generation of scientists collected<sup> </sup>data on the public purse, they considered it their data. The<sup> </sup>norm now is that data will quickly enter the public domain,"<sup> </sup>he says. To reinforce such good behavior, "persistent identifier"<sup> </sup>tags are being developed that will note which scientists or<sup> </sup>teams contributed data to GEOSS. The U.S. Office of Management<sup> </sup>and Budget (OMB) is spurring agencies to release data via <a href="http://www.data.gov/">www.data.gov</a>.<sup> </sup>"OMB is looking to measure our department's productivity in<sup> </sup>part by how much we're adding to the public's access to data,"<sup> </sup>says Hayes.<sup> </sup> NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey 2 years ago began allowing<sup> </sup>free access to their 4-decade Landsat archive, including images<sup> </sup>with a resolution of 30 meters that enable tracking of land-cover<sup> </sup>changes wrought by human activity. And riding new open-data<sup> </sup>legislation in the European Union, the European Space Agency<sup> </sup>plans to allow free access to data streams from its soon-to-be-launched<sup> </sup>Sentinel satellites, says Manuela Soares, director for environmental<sup> </sup>research at the European Commission's Research Directorate.<sup> </sup>"There's been delivery of data on a massive scale," says Gary<sup> </sup>Richards of Australia's Department of Climate Change and Energy<sup> </sup>Efficiency in Canberra.<sup> </sup><br />
Ground-truthing such data is a key element of Silva Carbon,<sup> </sup>a U.S.-led scientific network announced here to help GEO improve<sup> </sup>access to Earth-observation data on forests. SilvaCarbon is<sup> </sup>expected to develop technologies to implement one of the few<sup> </sup>bright spots in international climate negotiations: REDD+, a<sup> </sup>program to reduce emissions from deforestation and enhance forest<sup> </sup>carbon stocks. Together with GEO's Global Forest Observation<sup> </sup>Initiative, SilvaCarbon "shows that we are ready to take the<sup> </sup>next big step to a robust and transparent global monitoring<sup> </sup>system for forest carbon," says Richards.<sup> </sup><br />
A second new effort, the Global Land-Cover Data Initiative,<sup> </sup>aims over the next 2 years to compile and publicly share a current<sup> </sup>snapshot of Earth's land-cover conditions. Landsat data provide<sup> </sup>80% coverage; GEO partners will fork over the rest.<sup> </sup><br />
As GEOSS is woven from disparate data sets, there have been<sup> </sup>a few glitches in integrating the information. "We can't get<sup> </sup>all data into the free and open database at this point," says<sup> </sup>Abbott. And some resistance remains. "We still get pushback,"<sup> </sup>says Scholes. "Some countries worry about how data release will<sup> </sup>affect national security." Nations fret, for instance, over<sup> </sup>satellite data they have no control over and others revealing<sup> </sup>info such as flows rates of transboundary rivers. Of course,<sup> </sup>all agree that some sensitive data, such as the precise location<sup> </sup>of the last few individuals of an endangered species, should<sup> </sup>not enter the public domain. "But these instances are now perceived<sup> </sup>as the exceptions to the rule," Scholes says. And that, he says,<sup> </sup>testifies to the profound cultural change on data sharing that<sup> </sup>GEO is helping drive.<sup> </sup><br />
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</tbody></table><hr /><div id="ISSNLine"><i>Science</i>. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online) </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-28573456308912095162010-10-22T21:53:00.003+05:452018-08-31T10:03:19.680+05:45Climate Change Impact in Jomsom of Mustang District<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Climate Change Impact in Jomsom of Mustang District</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><em>It is an old news, but in an attempt to compile all the stories on climate change impacts in the Himalayas, the news article form Everest Journal.com is provided below:</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fright of climate change and its effects is making life of alpine people a nightmare. People of Mustang have also been experiencing terrible nightmares due to the effects of climate change in their livelihood and economy lately.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fluctuation of temperature and irregular pattern of rain and snowfall has severely affected the lives of Mustang. Mustang’s popular apple farming is on the edge of extermination due to no rainfall and no snowfall in the valley for an entire year. Due to increase in temperature, house flies and mosquitoes are plentiful nowadays while some years before they were rarely found. Locals are facing shortage of water because of rapid evaporation and water sources drying up drastically. Not only the Jomsom and lower Mustang, but even VDCs of the Upper-Mustang are facing water shortage. Due to this, livestock are severely affected. The areas where no plants were found some years before has started to grow plants because the snow-line is moving up to an altitude of 5,000 m. Since there is hardly any rainfall, fertile lands have turned barren. This has also had an adverse effect on the livestock. Local people have noticed the drastic change in bio-diversity and wildlife movement though. As per the locals, one can easily find jackals at an altitude of 3800 m these days, which was impossible until just a few years ago.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The maximum temperature in Jomsom Valley town rose to 27 degree Celsius while it was 24 last year. This year the minimum temperature recorded here was 13 degree Celsius while the preceding years normally dropped down to less than minus 4 degrees Celsius. This year, the town area of Jomsom Valley saw no snowfall and no rainfall at all.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Horticulture is the worst among the affected, which is on the edge of extinction. “In Kunjo and Kobang, there is no apple farming at all now,” said Paras Bahadur Singh, the conservation officer of Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP). He informed that locals of Kunjo are now considering orange farming as an option and in Kobang people are opting walnut farming.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mustang which resides 14,000 people is now considered one of the most vulnerable places under the threat of glacier lake outburst. Experts have said that Thulagi glacial lake in northern Manang, is the biggest danger of the region.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">According to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Himalayan glaciers are receding faster than in any other part of the world and the resulting meltwater could trigger flooding, avalanches and the devastation of land within some years. Tsho Rolpa at the height of 4580, Lower Barun at 4570, Imja at 5000 metres, Thulagai at 4146 metres are some among the many glacial lakes prone to GLOF (glacial lake outburst flood) risk.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nepal has around 3,250 glaciers, and hundreds of millions of people in South Asia depend on the rivers they help to sustain, according to the Ministry of Environment. Since 1964, there have been more than 13 reported glacial lake outbursts causing damage to livestock, property, environmental resources and infrastructure in Nepal.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of climate change, the government is gearing up to make its existence felt at the UN climate change conference in Copenhagen in December. “The risks are growing, especially for people living in mountainous areas, and we are taking this message to Copenhagen,” a government official said. “Our hope rests on the world leaders of powerful nations to make historic decisions in Copenhagen,” he added.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Source: <a href="http://www.everestjournal.com/climate-change-threat-to-jomsom-mustang/">http://www.everestjournal.com/climate-change-threat-to-jomsom-mustang/</a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-84911291388609790162010-10-13T11:43:00.000+05:452010-10-13T11:43:54.846+05:45NASA, USAID Expand Environmental Monitoring System to the HimalayasWashington, DC - NASA and the U.S. Agency for International Development have expanded their successful collaboration with international partners to launch an innovative, web-based environmental management system for the Himalaya region.<br />
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The partners inaugurated this state-of-the-art regional monitoring system, known as SERVIR-Himalaya, at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development in Kathmandu, Nepal on Oct. 5. NASA Administrator Charles Bolden and USAID's Senior Deputy Assistant Administrator for the Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade Michael Yates attended the ribbon-cutting ceremony in Nepal.<br />
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SERVIR features web-based access to satellite imagery, decision-support tools and interactive visualization capabilities, and puts previously inaccessible information into the hands of scientists, environmental managers, and decision-makers. The Earth observation information is used to address threats related to climate change, biodiversity, and extreme events such as flooding, forest fires, and storms.<br />
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An initial SERVIR hub for the Mesoamerican region was jointly developed in 2005 by researchers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama and USAID development experts in Washington, DC and Central America. Its name comes from the Spanish word meaning "to serve."<br />
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"USAID's commitment with SERVIR and NASA is to create the linkage from space to village, to apply the best in science and technology to meet development challenges," said Yates. "We are pleased to work with our partners in Nepal, and in other regions of the world, to build capacity to use satellite data and mapping technologies for making practical decisions that improve people’s lives."<br />
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This NASA-USAID partnership combines NASA-derived technologies with USAID understanding of foreign assistance to improve livelihoods in the developing world to reduce poverty and help avoid conflict in order to bring people and their environment into harmony.<br />
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This year, USAID will invest $18 million in the global expansion of the SERVIR platform, establishing new hubs in the developing world as an integral part of its global climate change initiative.<br />
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"NASA's science mission begins here on Earth, with greater awareness and understanding of our changing planet, and solutions for protecting our environment, resources and human lives," Bolden said. "The SERVIR technology, and our partnership with various organizations and people around the globe, reflects NASA's commitment to improving life on our home planet for all people."<br />
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Since 2005, SERVIR has served the Mesoamerican region and the Dominican Republic from the Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean, which is based in Panama. Building on this initial success, USAID and NASA added a second SERVIR hub in East Africa at the Regional Center for Mapping of Resources for Development in Nairobi in 2008.<br />
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NASA and USAID are now expanding SERVIR to the Hindu-Kush - Himalaya region to address critical issues such as land cover change, air quality, glacial melt and adaptation to climate change. The agencies are working in partnership with the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, a regional knowledge development and learning center that serves member countries in the region, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan.<br />
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The countries in the Hindu-Kush-Himalaya area have unique needs related to their extreme mountain environments. The region is known as Earth's “third pole,” because of its inaccessibility and the vast amount of water stored there in the form of ice and snow. Like the Polar Regions, this area is experiencing glacier melt due to a changing climate.<br />
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"I am very pleased that through the partnership with USAID and NASA on SERVIR-Himalaya, ICIMOD will be able to augment its capacity and its network of cooperative partners in the region to use Earth observation for societal benefits of the mountain communities," said Basanta Shrestha, division head of the Mountain Environment and Natural Resources Information System for ICIMOD.<br />
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SERVIR-Himalaya will integrate Earth science data from NASA satellites with geospatial information products from other government agencies. SERVIR was developed in coordination with the Group on Earth Observations, more than 80 nations working together to build a Global Earth Observing System of Systems to benefit the needs of society.<br />
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For more information about SERVIR, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/servir<br />
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For information about NASA and agency programs, visit: http://nasa.govUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-33046190262765411232009-10-14T17:11:00.002+05:452009-10-14T17:22:00.028+05:45Lin Ostrom Wins Nobel for Economic ScienceLin Ostrom did research on community based institutions developed to manage common pool resources, specially irrigation system and forestry in Nepal in 90s. I had chance to work with her briefly, and learned at that time it is the hard work, dilligence, observation, analysis, love and human response were wrought in her heart. She woke up at 3am every morning and started writing. The below paragraph is just a copy and paste from wikipedia.org, the link is given at the end. I will write my experience with her in another blog.<br /><br />In the mean time, entire internet is flooded with the news of her geting Nobel Prize for Economic Science. Just google "Elinor Ostrom" you will get plenty!<br /><br />Thank you<br /><br /><br />In 2009, Ostrom became the first woman to receive the prestigious Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited Ostrom "for her analysis of economic governance," saying her work had demonstrated how common property could be successfully managed by groups using it. Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson shared the 10-million Swedish kronor (£910,000; $1.44 m) prize for their separate work in economic governance.[4]<br /><br />The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Ostrom's 'research brought this topic from the fringe to the forefront of scientific attention', "by showing how common resources — forests, fisheries, oil fields or grazing lands, can be managed successfully by the people who use them, rather than by governments or private companies". Ostrom's work in this regard, challenged conventional wisdom, showing that common resources can be successfully managed without government regulation or privatization<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-55671279295715178282009-06-11T13:01:00.003+05:452009-06-11T13:10:01.527+05:45The Economist: Mapping a better world<em>A great article on Mapping from recent issue of The Economist</em><br />Source: <a href="http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13725877">The Economist</a><br /><br /><strong>Mapping a better world</strong><br />Jun 4th 2009<br />From The Economist print edition<br /><br /><strong>Software: Interest groups around the world are using mapping tools and internet-based information sources to campaign for change</strong><br /><br />CONVINCING people about the evils of housing segregation can be tough, says Barbara Samuels, a campaigner for fair housing at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Maryland. “People say, ‘What’s so bad about living in an all-black neighbourhood?’ ” she explains. But using a map that displays all the vacant houses in a segregated neighbourhood, how few jobs exist there and how little public transport is available, “you can show graphically how people are segregated from opportunity,” she says. “Maps help you take complex information and portray it in a clear, intuitive manner. You can show segregation in a way that talking about it doesn’t do.”<br /><br />And compiling such maps is much easier than it used to be, thanks to new mapping tools and sources of information on the internet. Ms Samuels remembers, for example, the tedium of trying to draw basic data on maps by hand in the 1990s. But in 2005 she was able to use maps that displayed 14 indicators of opportunity—created for her by a mapping-technology specialist—to help win a housing-desegregation court case.<br /><br /> For most people it is merely a handy tool to find a nearby pizzeria or get directions to a meeting. But mapping technology has matured into a tool for social justice. Whether it is to promote health, safety, fair politics or a cleaner environment, foundations, non-profit groups and individuals around the world are finding that maps can help them make their case far more intuitively and effectively than speeches, policy papers or press releases.<br /><br /><br />“Today you are allowed to visualise data in ways you couldn’t even understand just a few years ago,” says Jeff Vining of Gartner, a consulting firm. Along with web-based resources, coalescence around more advanced tools has also helped, such as the emergence of ESRI, based in Redlands, California, as the market leader in mapping software. And the rise of open-source projects such as MapServer, PostGIS and GRASS GIS have made sophisticated mapping available to non-profit groups with limited resources.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHkMGF7Oo5WzHtYSXksHZuMpWUa3GahRi9Wq-MWoWW5KJxxBnQ_IphAXm3ItoWJRqar3GtV45HGFJFQmUfgNZXqZEpEbfO2APGHeiuqLZEfrj3NWLPWVmmuBzOj0m2KirVL1PRuEB1aFC/s1600-h/2409TQ20.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 283px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHkMGF7Oo5WzHtYSXksHZuMpWUa3GahRi9Wq-MWoWW5KJxxBnQ_IphAXm3ItoWJRqar3GtV45HGFJFQmUfgNZXqZEpEbfO2APGHeiuqLZEfrj3NWLPWVmmuBzOj0m2KirVL1PRuEB1aFC/s400/2409TQ20.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345966619952936546" /></a><br /><em>Areas with fewer parks (lighter rather than darker green) have higher rates of childhood obesity (larger red circles)</em><br />All this has made it much easier to create maps that explain—at a glance—something that might otherwise require pages of tables or verbiage. “A percentage or a table is still abstract for people,” says Dan Newman of MAPLight.org, a group based in Berkeley, California that charts the links between politicians and money. “With maps, you can show people how an abstract concept connects to where they live.” Wendy Brawer, founding director of GreenMap.org, a mapping site based in New York used by people in 54 countries, says maps can make a point even if they are in a foreign language. “Maps are really helpful for that ‘Aha!’ moment,” she says.<br /><br />For example, “The Grim Reaper’s Road Map: An Atlas of Mortality in Britain”, published in 2008, reveals that the places with the highest numbers of smokers also have the highest rates of death from lung cancer. No surprise there. But the collection of maps from a British publisher of public-policy books also shows that cervical cancer is more likely to strike those in the north of England, and brain cancer is more prevalent in the south of Scotland. Such revelations can lead to investigations and eventual health improvements.<br /><br />The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in Columbus, Ohio, which created the maps used in Ms Samuel’s ACLU court case, has made “opportunity” maps of several American cities. The aim is to help people find neighbourhoods where jobs, health care, safety and public transport are in better supply—or to spur the creation of more such neighbourhoods. Rob Breymaier of MoveSmart.org, a non-profit group that encourages people to “move to opportunity”, recalls using Kirwan’s maps in Chicago in 2006 to help a family of eight. “They ended up finding a place in the north-west suburbs, which is a huge change from Chicago’s south side,” he says. The children ended up in better schools and stayed out of trouble, he says.<br /><br />Others have used maps to expose violence. Ushahidi.com was launched by four technologists to map citizen reports of post-election violence in Kenya last year using Google Maps. “We’re building a platform that makes it easier to gather information around a crisis so that governments, or whoever is trying to hide the crisis, can’t do it anymore,” says Erik Hersman, Ushahidi’s operations director. <br /><br />Sequences of maps can also be used to debunk misconceptions. Many in Los Angeles were pleased, for example, to learn that gun violence had decreased since the mid-1990s. But by developing a series of maps showing where shootings continued to happen, a local non-profit group called Healthy City was able to show that for some Los Angelenos, gun violence was as bad as ever. <br /><br />MAPlight used a similar time-lapse approach to show the influence of money on congressional votes. Starting in January 2007, it tracked which states (those growing sugar-beets and sugar-cane, it turned out) were making the most generous political donations in the run-up to a vote in July 2007 on subsidies for the sugar industry. But once the vote was tallied and the subsidy granted, states that had appeared bright red with political contributions suddenly revert to tan, indicating an instant drop in donations. “We make visible and real something that is usually invisible and abstract,” says Mr Newman. <br /><br />Changing the way American politics is funded is a tall order. But some map-based campaigns have already produced clear results. For example, the Food Trust, a campaign group based in Philadelphia, used maps as part of its fight to reduce diet-related disease and malnutrition in urban parts of America. “I remember the first supermarket-commission meeting,” says Jennifer Kozlowski, special assistant for the environment to David Paterson, the governor of New York. “Some of the maps in the report mapped obesity-related deaths and access to produce markets. It was as clear as day that something needed to be done.” In January Mr Paterson announced the Healthy Food/Healthy Communities Initiative, including $10m in grants and loans for supermarket projects in under-served communities.<br /><br />Such examples underscore why campaigners are rushing to make the most of map technology. “We don’t just want to be about mapping,” says John Kim of Healthy City. “Maps don’t change the world—but people who use maps do.”Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-16510583224537426732009-06-02T14:34:00.002+05:452009-06-02T14:39:16.281+05:45Nobel laureate Klitzing addresses International Conference on Frontiers of Physics (ICFP 2009) in Kathmandu NepalPhysics solves problems: Nobel laureate Klitzing<br /><br />German Nobel Prize winner Klaus Bohn Klitzing said has physics has been able to solve many problems world has faced and is facing today and expressed hope that international conference of physics in Nepal would ‘contribute to good international connection’ on scientific researches.<br />German Nobel Prize winner Klaus Bohn Klitzing addressing the conference. nepalnews.com/rm<br />German Nobel Prize winner Klaus Bohn Klitzing addressing the ...<br /><br />Addressing the international conference on physics organised by Nepal Physics Society in Kathmandu Tuesday, Klitzing said moral science and education play an important role for the development of a modern country which is integrated with the international community.<br /><br />In his inaugural address to the conference, President Dr Ram Baran Yadav said application of the methods of physics is essential for eradication of poverty, adding that studies of science, being interwoven with human society, cannot be isolated.<br /><br />Vice chancellor of the Tribhuvan University Madhav Sharma alleged the government for not giving priority to physics education which has led to failure of Nepal in producing scientists competing at the international level.<br /><br />The four-day conference is being attend by over 120 physical scientists from 30 countries including US, Japan, Germany, Pakistan, Taiwan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The scientists will exchange their experiences and debate on new researches. <br /><a href="http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2009/jun/jun02/news06.php">www.nepalnews.com</a> <br />June 02 09Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-46679712212779704572009-03-24T17:30:00.005+05:452009-03-24T17:40:27.548+05:45High Altitude Forest Fires in Nepal: A DisasterNASA Satellite Detects large scale forest fires in Nepal<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsOR6yjxmsrBdeq4a2UUKTizsHKhrsnR-LD2DAgujrGMiguoAvlxmLdVdmfq9sAYix2c4MNK-PFYKwSWuHUVh0klA1zDxpO-MBo2djh_PG5lfw297iml5zY72Ilh-YVhwUeB7PHLFCduI9/s1600-h/nepal_AMO_2009071.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsOR6yjxmsrBdeq4a2UUKTizsHKhrsnR-LD2DAgujrGMiguoAvlxmLdVdmfq9sAYix2c4MNK-PFYKwSWuHUVh0klA1zDxpO-MBo2djh_PG5lfw297iml5zY72Ilh-YVhwUeB7PHLFCduI9/s400/nepal_AMO_2009071.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316720484589243186" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglh4yVKxu3a1KI4ys5cPEa5veYBgpDLHotI3q8DvaVvzysYZkBHlaXyQ1Fy-ljhzFLUQZ26DlywT2l5EkDs8GLmgciWrFe2r0rsaAB8HBigTTyawdYgxuU8-p0T9awPCxuWBDR5YLZ2Xqi/s1600-h/HIGH+ALTITUDE+FOREST+FIRES+IN+NEPAL_b.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 275px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglh4yVKxu3a1KI4ys5cPEa5veYBgpDLHotI3q8DvaVvzysYZkBHlaXyQ1Fy-ljhzFLUQZ26DlywT2l5EkDs8GLmgciWrFe2r0rsaAB8HBigTTyawdYgxuU8-p0T9awPCxuWBDR5YLZ2Xqi/s400/HIGH+ALTITUDE+FOREST+FIRES+IN+NEPAL_b.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316721077932078946" /></a><br /><br />On March 12, 2009, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite caught a glimpse of a relatively rare event: large–scale forest fires in the Himalaya Mountains of Nepal. Places where the sensor detected active fires are outlined in red. The numerous small fires in southern Nepal may not be wildfires, but rather agricultural or other land-management fires.<br />The image is centered on Nepal, and it shows the towering Himalaya Mountains arcing through the small country. Many national parks and conservation areas are located along the northern border of the country, and the fires appear to be burning in or very near some of them. Five people were killed by the forest fire southwest of Annapurna in early March; according to a news report they were overtaken while in the forest gathering firewood. According to that report, Nepal commonly experiences some small forest fires each spring, which is the end of the dry season there. However, conditions during the fall and winter of 2008 and 2009 were unusually dry, and fires set by poachers to flush game may have gotten out of control.<br /><br />References<br />Nagpal, S. (2009, March 2). Forest fires kill five in Nepal. Accessed March 13, 2009. <br />NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team. Caption by Rebecca Lindsey.<br />Instrument: Aqua - MODIS <br /><br />Source: <a href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=37518">http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=37518</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-13900393088369556452009-03-03T09:06:00.003+05:452009-03-03T09:08:43.904+05:45Satellite built by Indian university to be launched in ISRO’s next flightSatellite built by Indian university to be launched in ISRO’s next flight <br /><br />Anna University becomes first Indian university to send satellite onboard ISRO PSLV <br />Bibhu Ranjan Mishra / Bangalore February 17, 2009, 12:35 IST <br /> <br />For the first time in the history of Indian space research, a satellite developed by a university in India will be launched by Indian Space Research Institute (ISRO) during the next flight of the polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV). The launch vehicle tentatively scheduled for launch in March-April this year, will carry a small remote sensing satellite completely developed and fabricated by Chennai-based Anna University, sources in ISRO said.<br /><br />Christened Anusat, the 35-kg micro satellite developed by the students and researchers of Anna University with some hand-holding from ISRO satellite centre in Bangalore, will be an additional payload in the PSLV flight which will launch Risat, a radar imaging satellite from the Sriharikota spaceport. The high-resolution pictures and data obtained from the IRS series of satellites are used for various applications such as drought monitoring, westland management, urban planning, mineralogical mapping, flood-risk management and management of National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) among others.<br /><br />Brainchild of former Anna University vice chancellor R M Vasagam, who was also the project director of ISRO's first ever satellite 'Apple', Anusat is expected to encourage other universities and technical institutions to involve themselves in the complex process of satellite making. K S Seshadri, a retired space scientist from ISRO is playing the role of the moderator between ISRO and Anna University for this project.<br /><br />Anusat carries a digital store and forward payload for amateur communication. A number of technological payloads like digital receiver and turbo coder, MEMS-based gyro and magnetic field sensor are also planned to be flown on board. ISRO has supplied the structure, solar panels, chemical battery, sensors and actuators, according to an ISRO statement.<br /><br />In April last year, ISRO launched 10 satellites of which two were big satellites built by ISRO. The remaining eight were nano-satellites built by foreign universities including the Canadian University, Dutch University and one university in Japan.<br /><br />"Anusat project aims at giving the students first hand knowledge about the complexities involved with building satellites. Even though it is quite novice as compared to ISRO remote sending satellites, the success of Anusat will definitely enthuse students from other universities and IITs to participate in future ISRO missions," S Satish, spokesperson of ISRO told Business Standard.<br /><br />It is understood that IIT-Bombay and IIT-Kanpur are also in the process of building micro-satellites. The discussion however is in the initial stages, said the ISRO spokesperson.<br /><br />Risat, the 1,780-kg remote sensing satellite planned to be launched from the Sriharikota spaceport will be a major break-through in the remote sensing project. The satellite which uses microwave payloads is capable of taking pictures in cloudy-weather and even in night.<br /><br /><br />"This will be a major breakthrough as far as remote sensing projects are concerned. So far all our previous remote sensing satellites were optical remote sensing satellites whereas the RI satellite will carry microwave payloads. It can penetrate through clouds and take photographs during night also. It has got all-weather and day-night capability," Satish added.<br /><br />So far India had been procuring radar imaging data from Canadian Radarsat satellite on commercial basis. Other than being a costly proposition, the request for getting the radar imaging data of a particular place was also required to be sent well in advance.<br /><br />Risat mission would have a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload, operating in a multi-polarisation and multi-resolution mode. SAR has the unique capability for day-night imaging and imaging in all-weather conditions including fog and haze.<br /><br />Towards the middle of the current year, ISRO is also planning to launch Oceansat, an ocean satellite using the PSLV from Sriharikota. The satellite will be an in-orbit replacement of the present version Oceansat satellite. The satellite will have an ocean colour monitor which will help identify potential areas for fishery.<br /><br />Source Link: <a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/satellite-built-by-indian-university-to-be-launched-in-isro8217s-next-flight/16/02/349521/">Business Standard</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5751384294192050220.post-43637550670986398482008-11-24T15:10:00.010+05:452008-11-26T17:20:15.826+05:45International GIS Day 2008, November 19: Program in NepalGIS Society of Nepal organized a one day work shop on the occasion of International GIS Day on November 19, 2008. About 150 persons attended the workshop. Nepal GIS Society had also completed a one week GIS training for the beginners, and the trainees were given their certificates on this day. On this GIS Day, five papers were presented (please see the program at the end).<br /><br />These were interesting topics. After the brief introductory remarks and official nomination of program chair, by the NEGISS President Dr. Krishna Prasad Paudel, the paper presentation session began. Prof. Dr. Upendra Man Malla former Department Head of Geography, Tribhuwan University, and also a former member of National Planning Commission, chaired the program. Dr Krishna Paudel, the NEGISS President is a Professor at the Tribhuwan University.<br /><br />Dr. Narendra Khanal's paper outlined the role of Remote Sensing and GIS in disaster management, especially in flood hazards. He is a well known TU Geography Professor. <br /><br />Dr Krishna Pahari presented the results of Poverty Mapping project conducted by WFP/Nepal. Interesting presentation indeed though the work was completed some two years ago in 2006. This WFP work is a reference work for Poverty Mapping in Nepal. Dr Pahari worked for Care/Nepal earlier.<br /><br />Then Bhola Dhakal presented his work on Rara National Park. He focused mainly on land use dynamics of the Rara National Park area. Bhola is an active member of Nepal GIS Society. The maps he showed in the presentation were of very high quality.<br /><br />Indra Sharan KC presented a proposal or a set of suggestions for the Nepali decadal Census planned to take place in 2011 based on his geo-referenced population census survey of Pawai Gamde VDC in Syangja district, conducted by the local development user groups. His recommendation for the census was "Plan and take geo-referenced Census for entire Nepal in 2011". His argument was that once the households or dwelling units are fixed on ground with GPS coordinates, the country would benefit from a host of useful products and analyses despite the changes in admin units. This would make the census data meaningful for Nepal's state structuring and federal republic agenda. Otherwise if the census is taken from the reference of existing VDC and district boundary, it will be difficult to generate summary information and make adjustment for the new admin or political units created by the Constituent Assembly and the new constitution. Central Bureau of Statistics, the main census organization, had taken census at the settlement level for the 1991 census on the recommendation of NPC Decentralization Support Project and Nepali Planners. Indra Sharan had served as GIS Advisor for the UNDP's NPC Decentralization and Participatory District Development Program (PDDP) developing the NPC GIS Facility and District GIS based on the concepts of settlements. <br /><br />Shanker Raj Pathak from MoLD presented his work on settlement mapping at the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD). The concept of settlement mapping was initially developed at the National Planning Commission’s GIS Facility which implemented GIS based on this premises in 20 districts under "NPC Decentralization Support Project" a flagship UNDP program executed by NPC, which after some time became "Participatory District Development Program". Later the program was cloned for Ministry of Local Development and named "Local Governance Program", under the same UNDP's support where Shanker joined newly to take up the responsibility of transferring and applying the mapping principles and concepts from NPC to MoLD, a very interesting and challenging job. <br /><br />Mr. Thakur Uprety presented GIS in use by Nepal Police. His presentation covered GIS applications from rescue operations to crime and mob analysis, which the audience appreciated a lot. Due to security reasons, Thakur Uprety did not divulge some of the information, logic and data sets. One can only say those products and services were of great benefits for the Police Organization.<br /><br />At the end Professor Upendra Man Malla shed light on his experience beginning 1950s till this day - from very small area mapping and surveying with limited budget and tools to present day enrichment of geographic science and technology. He then presented certificates to the GIS for beginners trainees and cheered all.<br /><br />The role Paul Lundberg, late Dr Harka Gurung and Prof. Upendra Malla played for the initiation of settlement based census was lauded in the program. Dr Hark Gurung was a noted geographer and planner of Nepal who died on a helicopter crash of Sept 23, 2007. Prof. Malla retired as a professor but is active in development work. Mr. Lundberg was Chief Technical Advisor for the UNDP's Decentralization Project.<br /><br />The Program is given below:<br />10:30 – 11:00 Registration and Tea<br /><br />11:00 – 11:10 Welcome and Introduction about the programme <br />Dr. Krishna Poudel, President <br /><br />11:10 – 11:40 Paper presentation by Dr. Narendra Raj Khanal <br /> <br />GIS/RS for Flood Hazard Mapping and Disaster Preparedness<br /><br />11:40 – 12:10 — Paper presentation by Dr. Krishna Pahari, Monika Shrestha, Siemon Hollema<br /><br />GIS for Food Security and Poverty Monitoring<br /><br />12:10 – 12:40 Paper presentation by Bhola N. Dhakal<br /><br />Role of GIS on Monitoring and Analysis of Natural Resources for Protected Area Management; A case of Rara National Park and Buffer Zone, Mountain Region, Mid Western Nepal<br /><br />12:40 – 13:30 Tea and Snacks<br /><br />13:30 – 14:00 Paper presentation by Indra Sharan KC<br />Some Recommendations for National Census 2011 from a Geo-Referenced Population Survey of a VDC in Syangja District<br /><br />14:00 – 14:30 Paper presentation by Shakar Raj Pathak<br />Grass-Root Level Mapping<br /><br />14:30 - 15:00 Paper Presentation by Thakur Uprety<br />GIS at Nepal Police<br /><br /><br />14:30 – 14:45 Tea<br /><br />14:45 – 15:00 Remarks about the Training and GIS Activities<br /><br />15:00 – 15:30 Certificate Distribution and ClosingUnknownnoreply@blogger.com2